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Authors
Abstract(s)
As pessoas com deficiência mental profunda para além do Quociente de Inteligência abaixo da média e da incapacidade significativa de adaptação à sociedade têm associada uma dependência elevada para o autocuidado, necessitando de cuidados de substituição e sustentação ao longo da vida, o que implica a presença contínua de um prestador de cuidados. A existência de necessidades muito particulares que carecem de respostas obrigatoriamente individualizadas e pormenorizadas condiciona a transição para o papel de Membro da Família Prestador de Cuidados, observada como um processo complexo mas sensível ao conhecimento disciplinar, potencialmente útil para melhorar os cuidados prestados e diminuir o impacto e as dificuldades sentidas. Assim, a atuação profissional de enfermagem abrange a preparação e o empowerment do membro da família prestador de cuidados no seu papel, dando resposta às necessidades humanas quer da pessoa com deficiência mental como do seu cuidador.
Com este fundamento, foi elaborado um estudo de natureza qualitativa com método assente na Grounded Theory com o objetivo de compreender o fenómeno e descrever o processo de transição dos familiares adaptados ao papel de cuidadores da pessoa com deficiência mental profunda, bem como identificar o potencial para a implementação de terapêuticas de enfermagem. Optou-se por selecionar participantes com filhos adultos, para que num processo retrospetivo, pudessem descrever a transição vivida. Foi selecionado como primeiro participante um enfermeiro, para identificar a influência do conhecimento de enfermagem na adaptação ao papel e na prestação de cuidados. Os restantes participantes foram sendo selecionados quer para reforçar como para aumentar os dados obtidos. O estudo evidencia que surge um impacto no cuidador perante a tomada de conhecimento da deficiência mental do seu familiar. Este começa a trabalhar a nova realidade, de onde surge um conjunto de eventos críticos que são ultrapassados através de estratégias adotadas ou desenvolvidas pelo Membro da Família Prestador de Cuidados. Identificam-se fatores facilitadores e fatores inibidores da transição. Com o decorrer da mesma, surgem indicadores de processo. Os indicadores de resultado, centrados na mestria do cuidar, traduzem-se em alterações pessoais e num processo familiar efetivo. Verificou-se que os participantes com conhecimento de enfermagem apresentam um maior conjunto de estratégias e de fatores facilitadores relativamente aos restantes.
People with profound mental disabilities have the Intelligence Quotient below average, significant disability to adapt to society and a high dependency on self-care, requiring replacement care and support throughout life, implying the continuous presence of a caregiver. The existence of very particular needs that require individualized and detailed answers influences the transition to the role of caregiver, seen as a complex process but sensitive to nurse’s knowledge, potentially useful to improve care and reduce the impact and the felt difficulties. Therefore the professional practice of nursing covers the preparation and empowerment of caregiver provider in its role, responding to the human needs of both the person with mental retardation as their caregiver. With this foundation, we designed a qualitative study with method based on Grounded Theory in order to understand the phenomenon and describe the transition of family adapted to the role of caregivers of people with profound mental disabilities, as well as identify Nursing therapeutics possible to implement. We opted to choose participants with adult children, so a retrospective process, could describe the transition experienced. The first participant selected was a nurse in order to identify the influence of nursing knowledge in the adaptation to the role and caring. The remaining participants were being selected to enhance or to increase the collected data. The study shows that an impact arises on caregiver when he takes knowledge of mental retardation in his family member. He starts working the new reality, from which arise a set of critical events that are overcome through strategies adopted or developed by the caregiver. Facilitating and inhibiting factors of transition are identified and process indicators arise. Outcome indicators emerge as personal changes and a familiar process in the mastery of caregiving. It was found that participants with nursing knowledge have a greater range of strategies and facilitating factors comparing to the other ones.
People with profound mental disabilities have the Intelligence Quotient below average, significant disability to adapt to society and a high dependency on self-care, requiring replacement care and support throughout life, implying the continuous presence of a caregiver. The existence of very particular needs that require individualized and detailed answers influences the transition to the role of caregiver, seen as a complex process but sensitive to nurse’s knowledge, potentially useful to improve care and reduce the impact and the felt difficulties. Therefore the professional practice of nursing covers the preparation and empowerment of caregiver provider in its role, responding to the human needs of both the person with mental retardation as their caregiver. With this foundation, we designed a qualitative study with method based on Grounded Theory in order to understand the phenomenon and describe the transition of family adapted to the role of caregivers of people with profound mental disabilities, as well as identify Nursing therapeutics possible to implement. We opted to choose participants with adult children, so a retrospective process, could describe the transition experienced. The first participant selected was a nurse in order to identify the influence of nursing knowledge in the adaptation to the role and caring. The remaining participants were being selected to enhance or to increase the collected data. The study shows that an impact arises on caregiver when he takes knowledge of mental retardation in his family member. He starts working the new reality, from which arise a set of critical events that are overcome through strategies adopted or developed by the caregiver. Facilitating and inhibiting factors of transition are identified and process indicators arise. Outcome indicators emerge as personal changes and a familiar process in the mastery of caregiving. It was found that participants with nursing knowledge have a greater range of strategies and facilitating factors comparing to the other ones.
Description
Keywords
Cuidador Deficiência mental Transição Caregiver Intellectual disability Transition