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Abstract(s)
Neste estudo procedemos à apresentação e discussão do corpus documental que permitiu
reunir elementos para a história da saúde pública em Portugal entre a revolução liberal de 1820 e
o movimento regenerador de 1852 e as linhas de continuidade e de rutura em relação ao “Antigo
Regime”.
Usando a metodologia de investigação histórica, recorremos a diversas fontes arquivísticas
constituídas, sobretudo, por coleções de legislação, pelo teor dos diários das Cortes Gerais e Extraordinárias
(1821-1822) e da Câmara dos Senhores Deputados (1822-1852) e pelas coleções de contas,
orçamentos e documentos apresentados pelo Ministro da Fazenda às Cortes (1836-1852). Também
se consultaram outras fontes para reunir elementos sobre a arqueologia da prática e dos discursos
identitários dos enfermeiros nos finais do “Antigo Regime”.
A análise do material recolhido permite destacar a “ciência de polícia médica” como um
elemento fundador e estruturante das políticas de saúde pública, fazer a genealogia do Conselho
de Saúde Pública e identificar os avanços, as hesitações e resistências à edificação dum sistema de
saúde pública, à definição da sua estrutura, organização e campos de intervenção.
Num quadro social de miséria e subdesenvolvimento e num cenário de permanente conflitualidade
política e institucional, identificam-se as epidemias, os expostos, os enterros nas igrejas,
a vigilância de grupos marginais e a higiene dos espaços públicos como alguns dos principais problemas
de saúde pública. Referem-se, ainda, os principais agentes da saúde que intervieram no
controlo sanitário dos portos, no interior do reino e nos hospitais; os processos de regulação das
principais profissões e as medidas implementadas para promover a sua formação. De entre estas
profissões, identificamos os traços que caracterizam as práticas dos enfermeiros, o seu perfil de
competências e a organização do seu trabalho, no Hospital de S. José ou nos hospitais militares e
da marinha. Destaca-se, ainda, o papel dos municípios e das misericórdias como agentes fundamentais
na resolução dos principais problemas de saúde pública ou na governação dos hospitais.
Os temas contidos neste estudo poderão abrir horizontes para prosseguir ou criar novas
áreas de investigação em história da Enfermagem, elemento fundamental, a par da filosofia e da
epistemologia dos cuidados, para a compreensão das encruzilhadas do tempo presente e dos desafios
que se colocam à profissão.
In this study we proceeded to the presentation and discussion of the documentary corpus that allowed the gathering of elements for the history of public health in Portugal between the liberal revolution of 1820 and the regenerating movement of 1852 and the lines of continuity and rupture of the "ancien régime". Using the methodology of historical research, we use various archival sources constituted mainly by collections of legislation, the content of General and Extraordinary Courts (1821-1822) and the Chamber of Deputies (1822-1852) journals, and the collections of accounts, budgets and documents submitted by the Minister of finance to the Courts (1836-1852). Oher sources were also consulted to gather information on the archaeology of the practice and identity discourses of nurses at the end of the "Ancien Régime". The analysis of the material collected allows highlighting the "Science of medical police" as a founder and structuring element of the public health policy, doing the Public Health Council genealogy and identifying the advances, hesitations and resistances to the building of a public health system, the definition of its structure, organization and intervention fields. In a social framework of misery and underdevelopment and in scenery of permanent political and institutional conflicts, epidemics, the exposed, the burials in churches, the surveillance of marginal groups and the hygiene of public spaces, are identified as some of the major public health problems. It is also mentioned, the main health agents who intervened in the sanitary control of ports, within the Kingdom and in hospitals; the regulatory processes of the main professions and the measures implemented to promote their formation. Among these professions, we identify the guidelines that characterize the practices of nurses, their skills profile and the organization of their work, in S. José Hospital or in military and navy hospitals. The role of the municipalities and of benifit Institutions as fundamental agents in the resolution of the main public health problems or in the governance of hospitals is prominent. The topics contained in this study may open horizons to continue or create new areas of research in the history of nursing, basic element, alongside philosophy and epistemology of health care, to the understanding of the crossroads of the present time and of the challenges facing the profession.
In this study we proceeded to the presentation and discussion of the documentary corpus that allowed the gathering of elements for the history of public health in Portugal between the liberal revolution of 1820 and the regenerating movement of 1852 and the lines of continuity and rupture of the "ancien régime". Using the methodology of historical research, we use various archival sources constituted mainly by collections of legislation, the content of General and Extraordinary Courts (1821-1822) and the Chamber of Deputies (1822-1852) journals, and the collections of accounts, budgets and documents submitted by the Minister of finance to the Courts (1836-1852). Oher sources were also consulted to gather information on the archaeology of the practice and identity discourses of nurses at the end of the "Ancien Régime". The analysis of the material collected allows highlighting the "Science of medical police" as a founder and structuring element of the public health policy, doing the Public Health Council genealogy and identifying the advances, hesitations and resistances to the building of a public health system, the definition of its structure, organization and intervention fields. In a social framework of misery and underdevelopment and in scenery of permanent political and institutional conflicts, epidemics, the exposed, the burials in churches, the surveillance of marginal groups and the hygiene of public spaces, are identified as some of the major public health problems. It is also mentioned, the main health agents who intervened in the sanitary control of ports, within the Kingdom and in hospitals; the regulatory processes of the main professions and the measures implemented to promote their formation. Among these professions, we identify the guidelines that characterize the practices of nurses, their skills profile and the organization of their work, in S. José Hospital or in military and navy hospitals. The role of the municipalities and of benifit Institutions as fundamental agents in the resolution of the main public health problems or in the governance of hospitals is prominent. The topics contained in this study may open horizons to continue or create new areas of research in the history of nursing, basic element, alongside philosophy and epistemology of health care, to the understanding of the crossroads of the present time and of the challenges facing the profession.
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Keywords
História Século XIX Saúde pública História da enfermagem History 19th century Public health History of nursing