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A presente dissertação visa abordar, criticamente, a problemática da ausência de criminalização, na ordem jurídico-penal portuguesa, da produção e partilha não consentida, pelos meios digitais e tecnológicos, de deepfakes de cariz sexual ou íntimo. Para tal, pretendemos aprofundar a explicação acerca da criação e do conteúdo dos deepfakes, reconhecendo a sua complexidade técnica, procurando, simultaneamente, alertar para a facilidade da sua produção. Assim, ao longo da presente pesquisa, investigamos sobre a possibilidade de conceção de um tipo incriminatório, no direito penal português, capaz de abarcar estes comportamentos, reconhecendo-os como uma forma de criminalidade sexual, a integrar no capítulo V, secção I do Código Penal, de acordo com a imposição adstrita ao nosso legislador penal, pelo art.º 5 da Diretiva (UE) 1385/2024 (relativa ao combate à violência contra as mulheres e à violência doméstica no sentido de criminalizar estas condutas). Iniciaremos com uma breve contextualização relativamente ao modo de produção de conteúdo sexual ou íntimo manipulado, referindo as diferentes tipologias de deepfakes existentes. Ademais, consideraremos as diferentes conceções existentes na doutrina em torno do termo deepfakes e das perspetivas literárias relativamente ao conteúdo do art. 5.º da Diretiva, alertando para necessidade de reconhecimento desta problemática como uma forma de violência de género que afeta, desproporcionalmente, raparigas e mulheres. Posto isto, analisaremos, ainda, a estrutura, os princípios fundamentais do direito penal português e do bem jurídico; o contexto evolutivo da criminalidade sexual em Portugal e o confronto entre os bens jurídicos da liberdade e autodeterminação sexual com os da imagem, privacidade e reserva da vida íntima das vítimas. Concluiremos, depois de analisados exemplos de direito comparado, pela sugestão de integração de um novo crime (art.º 170A) no Código Penal destinado à punição da “produção e partilha não consensual de material manipulado de carácter sexual ou íntimo”.
This dissertation aims to address, though a critical lens, the absence of legal provisions in the Portuguese Penal Code concerning the non-consensual digital production and sharing of deepfakes of sexual or intimate nature. The investigation focuses on explaining in depth the creation deepfakes, along with its and content, recognizing their technical complexity while also alerting to its facilitated production among with the fact that it mostly affects girls and women. Therefore, by focusing on developing a new type of incrimination, in Portuguese criminal law, the study proposes the recognition of such acts as sexual crimes to be included in Chapter V, Section I of the Penal Code, in accordance with obligations under Article 5 of Directive (EU) 1385/2024 (on preventing and combatting violence against women and domestic violence). Beginning with a brief contextualization and general overview of synthetic intimate/sexual content and the assessment of various of deepfakes typologies, the analysis proceeds to engage with doctrinal perspectives regarding the term “deepfakes”, asserting that this issue amounts as a form of gender-based violence that disproportionately affects girls and women. Finally, taking in to account the structure and main principles of Portuguese criminal law, along with the criminal legal interest, the historical evolution of sexual crimes as well as a comparison between the legal assets of sexual freedom and self-determination and the image privacy of victims' intimate lives as well as solutions given by comparative law. The dissertation concludes with a recommendation to introduce Article 170A, criminalizing the “non-consensual production and sharing of manipulated sexual or intimate material”.
This dissertation aims to address, though a critical lens, the absence of legal provisions in the Portuguese Penal Code concerning the non-consensual digital production and sharing of deepfakes of sexual or intimate nature. The investigation focuses on explaining in depth the creation deepfakes, along with its and content, recognizing their technical complexity while also alerting to its facilitated production among with the fact that it mostly affects girls and women. Therefore, by focusing on developing a new type of incrimination, in Portuguese criminal law, the study proposes the recognition of such acts as sexual crimes to be included in Chapter V, Section I of the Penal Code, in accordance with obligations under Article 5 of Directive (EU) 1385/2024 (on preventing and combatting violence against women and domestic violence). Beginning with a brief contextualization and general overview of synthetic intimate/sexual content and the assessment of various of deepfakes typologies, the analysis proceeds to engage with doctrinal perspectives regarding the term “deepfakes”, asserting that this issue amounts as a form of gender-based violence that disproportionately affects girls and women. Finally, taking in to account the structure and main principles of Portuguese criminal law, along with the criminal legal interest, the historical evolution of sexual crimes as well as a comparison between the legal assets of sexual freedom and self-determination and the image privacy of victims' intimate lives as well as solutions given by comparative law. The dissertation concludes with a recommendation to introduce Article 170A, criminalizing the “non-consensual production and sharing of manipulated sexual or intimate material”.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Deepfakes Falsificaçãoes profundas Violência de género Bem jurídico-penal Liberdade e autodeterminação sexual Ofensas sexuais Reserva da vida íntima Direito da União Europeia Gender-based violence Criminal legal interest Sexual offences Sexual freedom Sexual self-determination Right to privacy European Law
Contexto Educativo
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Licença CC
Sem licença CC
