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Abstract(s)
O ciberespaço tem-se assumido como um desafio para alguns regimes jurídicos do Direito Internacional. A presente dissertação, apesar de abordar os desafios presentes noutros regimes, terá como foco aquele que se levanta no regime da responsabilidade internacional, mais especificamente, o da imputação de ciberataques a Estados. Assim, num primeiro momento, irá abordar os diferentes domínios que o ciberespaço dispõe para a perpetração de ciberataques, o que representa para conflitos híbridos e as implicâncias nas políticas de defesa dos Estados e das organizações, no âmbito da ciberdefesa e cibersegurança. Feito o enquadramento do domínio onde as operações em análise têm lugar, passaremos ao tema central da dissertação, a imputação de ciberataques aos Estados. Neste contexto, serão abordados os diferentes processos de imputação: técnica, política e jurídica, assim como as dificuldades associadas a cada uma delas. Mais, exemplificaremos, com casos de ciberataques reais, a importância da interligação dos vários processos da imputação, para que se obtenha uma imputação do ciberataque ao Estado mais esclarecida. De seguida, abordaremos a importância que a imputação de ciberataques desempenha no regime da responsabilidade internacional, assim como na restauração da segurança e paz internacional. Por fim, serão referidas, e criticadas, soluções apresentadas por algumas entidades privadas, para que se verifique uma evolução nos processos da imputação.
Cyberspace has been assumed as a challenge for some International Law’s legal regimes. This dissertation, despite addressing other legal regimes’ challenges, will focus on the one that arises from the international responsibility regime, more specifically, the attribution of cyberattacks to States. Thus, at first, we will address the different domains that cyberspace has for the perpetration of cyberattacks, what it represents for hybrid conflict and the implications for States and organizations defense policies, regarding cyberdefence and cybersecurity. After framing the domain where the operations under analysis take place, we will move to the dissertation starring theme, the attribution of cyberattacks to States. In this context, the different processes of attribution (political, legal, technical) will be address, as well as the associated difficulties of each one of them. Furthermore, we will exemplify, with real cyberattacks cases, the importance of connecting the various attribution processes to obtain a more enlightened attribution. Next, we will address the importance that attribution of cyberattacks plays in the international responsibility regime, as well as in the restoration of international security and peace. Finally, we will mention, and criticize, solutions presented by some private entities to improve attribution processes.
Cyberspace has been assumed as a challenge for some International Law’s legal regimes. This dissertation, despite addressing other legal regimes’ challenges, will focus on the one that arises from the international responsibility regime, more specifically, the attribution of cyberattacks to States. Thus, at first, we will address the different domains that cyberspace has for the perpetration of cyberattacks, what it represents for hybrid conflict and the implications for States and organizations defense policies, regarding cyberdefence and cybersecurity. After framing the domain where the operations under analysis take place, we will move to the dissertation starring theme, the attribution of cyberattacks to States. In this context, the different processes of attribution (political, legal, technical) will be address, as well as the associated difficulties of each one of them. Furthermore, we will exemplify, with real cyberattacks cases, the importance of connecting the various attribution processes to obtain a more enlightened attribution. Next, we will address the importance that attribution of cyberattacks plays in the international responsibility regime, as well as in the restoration of international security and peace. Finally, we will mention, and criticize, solutions presented by some private entities to improve attribution processes.
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Keywords
Ciberespaço Ciberataques Imputação Responsabilidade Ciberdefesa Cibersegurança Cyberspace Cyberattacks Attribution Responsibility Ciberdefence Cybersecurity