Authors
Abstract(s)
O Bisfenol A (BPA) e ésteres do ácido ftálico (ftalatos) são substâncias que podem ocorrer em diversos alimentos por contaminação proveniente de várias fontes, nomeadamente através da migração a partir de materiais e embalagens. Estas substâncias podem ser prejudiciais à saúde dado apresentarem propriedades de disrupção endócrina, por isso o seu controlo é muito importante. No presente trabalho foi realizado um estudo para a determinação da ocorrência de BPA e ftalatos em vinhos disponíveis no mercado e foi feita uma estimativa da exposição do consumidor a estes contaminantes a partir da ingestão de vinho. Dada a inter-relação entre estas substâncias e os materiais em contato com alimentos, incluindo vinhos, foi feito também um estudo de migração de dois revestimentos (epóxi-fenólico e poliéster-fenólico) usados em embalagens metálicas.
O BPA foi monitorizado em 16 amostras de vinho por cromatografia HPLC/FD. Este composto foi detetado em 13 amostras em níveis acima do limite de deteção (0,57 μg/l), sendo a concentração mais elevada de 3,52 μg/l, encontrada num vinho tinto. A exposição do consumidor ao BPA foi estimada usando valores médios de limite inferior e limite superior de BPA calculados a partir dos dados experimentais (LI e LS) para um consumo de vinho médio (0,116 l) e elevado (0,75 l). Os resultados para o consumo médio foram de 4,8% (LI) e 7,2% (LS) relativamente ao t-TDI atual (0,04 μg / kg de peso corporal dia) enquanto que para o consumo elevado foram de 31% (LI) e 46,5% (LS).
Foram determinados 11 ftalatos em 19 amostras de vinho, das quais 3 eram vinhos do Porto, por GC/MS. Pelo menos um ftalato foi detetado em todas as amostras analisadas. Os dois ftalatos mais comuns foram o dietil hexil ftalato (DEHP) e o dibutil ftalato (DBP) com concentrações médias variando nos intervalos 30,33 μg/l - 39,59 μg/l e 21,91 μg/l - 22,59 μg/l, respetivamente. A exposição do consumidor foi também estimada, obtendo-se resultados inferiores a 1% do TDI em vigor, para o consumo médio e elevado. Os três vinhos do Porto apresentaram valores significativamente elevados de DBP, a amostra mais contaminada atingiu 825 μg/l. Além disso, o di-isobutil ftlalato (DiBP), um composto não permitido em materiais destinados ao contato com alimentos, foi encontrado em níveis de 106 μg/l numa das amostras. A migração a partir de revestimentos de resina epóxi e poliéster foi analisada segundo diferentes técnicas analíticas. Em primeiro lugar foram realizados ensaios para identificar as substâncias potencialmente migrantes. As amostras foram analisadas por GC/MS, acoplada a injeção após dessorção térmica direta com e sem extração prévia. Foram testados diversos solventes de extração (acetonitrilo, diclorometano e iso-octano). Os resultados permitiram selecionar três migrantes de cada revestimento para monitorização em condições de migração: BPA, ε-Caprolactona e óxido de fosfina-butil(difenil) do revestimento de epóxi, e, butil(difenil)-neopentilglicol, um oligómero cíclico e 1,3 dioxano-5-metanal-5-etil do revestimento de poliéster. Foi feito um estudo de migração destes compostos usando uma solução etanólica a 20%, a 60 ° C durante 3, 5 e 10 dias. O BPA, o óxido de fosfina-butil(difenil), o oligómero cíclico e o dioxano apresentaram um libertação mais rápida do que o ε-Caprolactona e o butil(difenil)-neopentilglicol.
This work studied the occurrence of bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates in commercially available wines along with the migration of compounds from coatings commonly used in food applications. BPA was monitored in 16 wine samples using a HPLC/FD chromatographic methodology. Thirteen samples contained the contaminant at levels above the Limit of Detection (0.57 μg/l); the most contaminated sample was a red wine with 3.52 μg/l. An exposure assessment was performed using lower bound (LB) and higher bound (HB) averages calculated from the data, for an average wine consumer (0.116 l) and a high wine consumer (0.75 l). The results for an average consumer were 4.8% (LB) and 7.2% (HB) of the current t-TDI (0.04 μg/ kg bw day), while for high consumers the results were 31% (LB) and 46.5% (HB). Eleven phthalate compounds were monitored in 19 wine samples, 3 of which were fortified wines, by means of a GC/MS detection method. At least one phthalate was detected in all the samples analyzed; the two most common contaminants were Diethyl Hexyl Phthalate (DEHP) and Dibutyl Phthalate (DBP) with averages ranging 30.33 μg/l -39.59 μg/l and 21.91 μg/l – 22.59 μg/l respectively. An exposure assessment was made; the estimated daily intakes from wine consumption were below 1% of the TDIs in vigor for both average and high consumers. The three Port wines were significantly contaminated by DBP, with the most contaminated sample reaching 825 μg/l. Additionally, Di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP), which is non-permitted food contact material, was found at levels of 106 μg/l in one sample. A migration study was made using epoxy and polyester coatings used in food contact materials. The samples were first screened using GC/MS, by means of a direct thermal desorption method and a liquid extraction using aggressive solvents (acetonitrile, dichloromethane and iso-octane). The results allowed selecting three migrants from each coating: BPA, ε-Caprolactone and butyldiphenyl phosphine oxide from the epoxy coating and neopentyl glycol, a cyclic oligomer and 1,3 Dioxane-5-methanal-5 ethyl from the polyester coating. While BPA, butyldiphenyl phosphine oxide, the cyclic oligomer and the dioxane were rapidly released in the simulant; a slower migration rate was observerd for ε-Caprolactone and neopentyl glycol.
This work studied the occurrence of bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates in commercially available wines along with the migration of compounds from coatings commonly used in food applications. BPA was monitored in 16 wine samples using a HPLC/FD chromatographic methodology. Thirteen samples contained the contaminant at levels above the Limit of Detection (0.57 μg/l); the most contaminated sample was a red wine with 3.52 μg/l. An exposure assessment was performed using lower bound (LB) and higher bound (HB) averages calculated from the data, for an average wine consumer (0.116 l) and a high wine consumer (0.75 l). The results for an average consumer were 4.8% (LB) and 7.2% (HB) of the current t-TDI (0.04 μg/ kg bw day), while for high consumers the results were 31% (LB) and 46.5% (HB). Eleven phthalate compounds were monitored in 19 wine samples, 3 of which were fortified wines, by means of a GC/MS detection method. At least one phthalate was detected in all the samples analyzed; the two most common contaminants were Diethyl Hexyl Phthalate (DEHP) and Dibutyl Phthalate (DBP) with averages ranging 30.33 μg/l -39.59 μg/l and 21.91 μg/l – 22.59 μg/l respectively. An exposure assessment was made; the estimated daily intakes from wine consumption were below 1% of the TDIs in vigor for both average and high consumers. The three Port wines were significantly contaminated by DBP, with the most contaminated sample reaching 825 μg/l. Additionally, Di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP), which is non-permitted food contact material, was found at levels of 106 μg/l in one sample. A migration study was made using epoxy and polyester coatings used in food contact materials. The samples were first screened using GC/MS, by means of a direct thermal desorption method and a liquid extraction using aggressive solvents (acetonitrile, dichloromethane and iso-octane). The results allowed selecting three migrants from each coating: BPA, ε-Caprolactone and butyldiphenyl phosphine oxide from the epoxy coating and neopentyl glycol, a cyclic oligomer and 1,3 Dioxane-5-methanal-5 ethyl from the polyester coating. While BPA, butyldiphenyl phosphine oxide, the cyclic oligomer and the dioxane were rapidly released in the simulant; a slower migration rate was observerd for ε-Caprolactone and neopentyl glycol.