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Introduction Diabetic retinopathy is a disease resulting from diabetic chronic hyperglycemia characterized by microvascular complications in the retina, where neuronal elements responsible for vision are located. Oxidative stress has been widely regarded as the main etiological factor for the emergence of ocular disease. Antioxidant therapy has been related with inhibition of diabetes-induced abnormalities of retinal metabolism. However ocular treatment effectiveness is purely low, considering the several routes of administration. The improvement of ocular bioavailability is the ultimate era of Science. This review data encompasses new nanosystems with therapeutic potential improvements and involving routes of administration local and with a better performance facing biological barriers. Nanoparticles are described to offer real benefits to the stability, drug delivery and therapy of the patient and the most advanced treatment modalities for ocular conditions.