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Introdução: A Rubber Hand Illusion (RHI) trata-se de uma tarefa de ilusão corporal que remete o sujeito à sensação de que uma mão de borracha é a sua. O paradigma permite compreender os processos de sensação de pertença corporal através da manipulação visual e táctil, isto é, através de inputs exterocetivos assim como a mensuração das variáveis sentimento de pertença (SP) e desvio propriocetivo (PD). Crêse que a ilusão é uma consequência da integração dos sinais ascendentes de três modalidades sensoriais principais: proprioceptiva, visual e tátil. Neste ver, é esperado que sujeitos que apresentem uma menor capacidade para detetar e interpretar sinais corporais apresentem-se como mais vulneráveis à ilusão. Objetivo: O presente estudo tem como objetivo investigar se as diferenças individuais na ansiedade, conhecidas por afetar a perceção dos sinais corporais, estão associadas à vulnerabilidade para a experiência de ilusão corporal. A questão de investigação incidirá nas diferenças individuais de ansiedade em sujeitos que não possuem um diagnóstico de
ansiedade, ou seja, numa população não clínica. Participantes e Método: 83 sujeitos participaram no estudo, tendo realizado o paradigma clássico Rubber Hand Illusion (RHI), capaz de avaliar a vulnerabilidade a pistas externas segundo medidas subjetivas (questionário Sentimento de Pertença) e medidas comportamentais (deriva propriocetiva) em duas condições (síncrona e
assíncrona). Para além disto, foi aplicado o The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) de modo a avaliar a ansiedade estado e a ansiedade traço nos participantes. Resultados: Tal como esperado, verificaram-se pontuações significativamente mais elevadas no questionário de Sentimento de Pertença na condição síncrona do que na condição assíncrona, e mais elevados nos itens experimentais do que nos controlo. Os desvios e deriva propriocetivos foram também mais elevados na condição síncrona do que na assíncrona, e apesar das diferenças não terem atingindo a significância. Verificou-se ainda uma correlação significativa entre as pontuações na STAI e os itens experimentais e controlo do questionário de Sentimento de Pertença na condição assíncrona.
2 Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que participantes com níveis de ansiedade mais elevados apresentam uma a maior vulnerabilidade à ilusão percetiva, manifesta por um sentimento de pertença mais acentuado na condição em que não ocorre reforço da informação tátil e por sensações não esperadas quando expostas a essa mesma condição. Estes resultados apoiam a ideia de que a ansiedade, mesmo em níveis subclínicos está associada a dificuldade em lidar com os sinais propriocetivos predispondo os indivíduos a processos de integração multissensoriais atípicos.
Introduction: The Rubber Hand Illusion paradigm (RHI) is a bodily illusion that induces the sensation that a rubber hand is actually one's own hand through synchronous stimulation and manipulation of neuronal processes that underlie exteroceptive visuotactile intergration. The task measures, essentially, two quantitative metrics with their own variables that indicate whether the illusion was succesfully assimilated: sense of belonging (SP) and the proprioceptive drift (PD) that occurs as a product of the illusion. To date, it is believed that the illusion is the end result of the integration of ascending neural signals of three main sensory modalities: proprioceptive, visual, and tactile pathways. Because of the cross modal congruency effect (CCE), the processing of these same ascending neural signals are more strongly integrated, especially since the field of stimulation (CCE) is within the subject's visuotactile field. To this extent, it is expected that the subjects experiencing the illusion that present a diminished capacity to distuingish, detect, and interpret bodily signals, are more vulnerable to the illusion. Objective: The present study's directive and purpose is to investigate whether the individual differences in subject's anxiety, which is known to affect bodily interoceptive and exteroceptive processes and signals, are associated to the bodily illusion's experience and resulting vulnerability. The investigation's main hypothesis pertains to the individual anxiety difference in subjects that do not have a clinical diagnostic. Methodology: 83 subjects participated in the present study and completed the classical Rubber Hand Illusion paradigm (RHI) of synchronous and asynchronous stimulation, that is a good indicator of assessment of vulnerability to external cues according to subjective metrics (Sense of belonging questionnaire) and behavioural metrics (proprioceptive drift). The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was also administered in order to evaluate subject's anxiety and anxiety-trait. 4 Results: As expected, we observed Sense of Belonging scores that were significantly higher in the synchronous condition than those of the asynchronous condition, as well as higher scores in the experimental items than the control ones. The deviations in the proprioceptive drifts were also higher in the synchronous condition than in the asynchronous one, even though differences were not statistically significative. A statistically significative correlation was found between STAI scores, experimental items and control items of the Sense of belonging questionnaire in the asynchronous condition. Conclusion/Discussion: The results seem to suggest that particpants who suffer more from anxiety are indeed more vulnerable to the perceptive illusion. This manifests itself as an increased sense of belonging under conditions of absence of reinforcement of tactile information and through unexpected sensations when exposed to those same conditions. These results support the idea that anxiety, even in non-clinical levels, is associated to an increase in difficulty in dealing with proprioceptive signals predisposing individuals to atypical multisensory integration processes.
Introduction: The Rubber Hand Illusion paradigm (RHI) is a bodily illusion that induces the sensation that a rubber hand is actually one's own hand through synchronous stimulation and manipulation of neuronal processes that underlie exteroceptive visuotactile intergration. The task measures, essentially, two quantitative metrics with their own variables that indicate whether the illusion was succesfully assimilated: sense of belonging (SP) and the proprioceptive drift (PD) that occurs as a product of the illusion. To date, it is believed that the illusion is the end result of the integration of ascending neural signals of three main sensory modalities: proprioceptive, visual, and tactile pathways. Because of the cross modal congruency effect (CCE), the processing of these same ascending neural signals are more strongly integrated, especially since the field of stimulation (CCE) is within the subject's visuotactile field. To this extent, it is expected that the subjects experiencing the illusion that present a diminished capacity to distuingish, detect, and interpret bodily signals, are more vulnerable to the illusion. Objective: The present study's directive and purpose is to investigate whether the individual differences in subject's anxiety, which is known to affect bodily interoceptive and exteroceptive processes and signals, are associated to the bodily illusion's experience and resulting vulnerability. The investigation's main hypothesis pertains to the individual anxiety difference in subjects that do not have a clinical diagnostic. Methodology: 83 subjects participated in the present study and completed the classical Rubber Hand Illusion paradigm (RHI) of synchronous and asynchronous stimulation, that is a good indicator of assessment of vulnerability to external cues according to subjective metrics (Sense of belonging questionnaire) and behavioural metrics (proprioceptive drift). The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was also administered in order to evaluate subject's anxiety and anxiety-trait. 4 Results: As expected, we observed Sense of Belonging scores that were significantly higher in the synchronous condition than those of the asynchronous condition, as well as higher scores in the experimental items than the control ones. The deviations in the proprioceptive drifts were also higher in the synchronous condition than in the asynchronous one, even though differences were not statistically significative. A statistically significative correlation was found between STAI scores, experimental items and control items of the Sense of belonging questionnaire in the asynchronous condition. Conclusion/Discussion: The results seem to suggest that particpants who suffer more from anxiety are indeed more vulnerable to the perceptive illusion. This manifests itself as an increased sense of belonging under conditions of absence of reinforcement of tactile information and through unexpected sensations when exposed to those same conditions. These results support the idea that anxiety, even in non-clinical levels, is associated to an increase in difficulty in dealing with proprioceptive signals predisposing individuals to atypical multisensory integration processes.
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Keywords
Ansiedade estado Ansiedade traço The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Perceção corporal Ilusão corporal Rubber Hand Illusion State-anxiety Trait-anxiety Body perception Body illusion