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Impacto e consequências do terramoto de 1755 fora de Portugal
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Introdução: O sismo que atingiu Lisboa em novembro de1755 teve um forte impacto na Europa setecentista, lançando o medo e a consternação. Pelo facto de ter sido a capital do reino português que mais sofreu com o terramoto e incêndios que o sucederam, este tomou o seu nome, passando a denominar-se Terramoto de Lisboa. Com o epicentro no Oceano Atlântico, a algumas centenas de quilómetros a sul do Cabo de São Vicente, foi o sul do país que mais sofreu com esta catástrofe. Este facto explica também que o evento se tenha propagado a toda a costa ocidental de África, desde Salé até Ceuta, existindo narrativas da destruição de muitas vilas e cidades como “Féz, Tetuan, Saffy, Arzilla, Tânger e Ceuta”. Em Marrocos, nomeadamente em Agadir e Rabat, existem indícios bastante nítidos, de que os efeitos sentidos no primeiro de novembro foram semelhantes aos de Portugal. De referir que nas ilhas dos Açores, o terramoto foi sentido em terra sem causar danos, enquanto que no mar ficaram algumas embarcações em perigo de naufragar. Objetivos: Descrever os efeitos do terramoto que destruiu Lisboa em 1755, noutros reinos, algumas deles, muito distantes de Portugal. Referir o número de vítimas provocadas na vizinha Espanha. Métodos: Abordagem sistemática por meio de recolha, organização e avaliação crítica de dados, obtidos através da pesquisa documental, efetuada em fontes manuscritas e impressas, assim como, avaliação crítica dos factos plasmados nas fontes históricas. Resultados: Foram encontrados inúmeros registos dos efeitos que o sismo de 1755 provocou fora do reino de Portugal, havendo vasta documentação sobre as consequências do terramoto em Espanha e Marrocos e vários registos noutros reinos europeus. Em França, foi sentido em La Rochelle, Bordéus, e outras terras da costa. Na Suíça, o evento fez-se sentir em Berna e Basileia. Em Itália, sem causar grandes tumultos, foi sentido entre outros locais, na Lombardia. Outros lugares que sentiram o terramoto foram: Holanda, Dinamarca, Noruega e cidades perto do Mar Báltico. Na Suécia e na Pomerânia também se fizeram sentir os efeitos do evento de Lisboa, sensivelmente à mesma hora, havendo registos de que as águas de vários lagos, nestas duas regiões, transbordaram dos seus leitos, alagando as terras circundantes e que passadas algumas horas regressaram aos seus antigos níveis. Na Irlanda, as águas do mar ficaram agitadas e, em alguns lugares daquela Ilha sentiram-se violentos abalos de terra. Em África, as localidades mais atingidas foram as da costa do Mediterrâneo, sendo que, a cidade de Mequinez em Marrocos foi muito destruída. Nas Caraíbas também se sentiram os efeitos do “terramoto de Lisboa”. Na Ilha de Barbados, estes fizeram-se sentir às duas da tarde num movimento anormal das águas que perdurou até às dez da noite. Na Antígua foi também detetado um movimento anormal das águas. Estudos mais recentes referem que o maremoto transoceânico, provocado pelo terramoto de 1755, provocou ondas com três metros de altura nas ilhas de Martinica e Guadalupe. Quanto às vitimas mortais no reino de Espanha, dos 1275 mortos resultantes do desastre, ao maremoto se deveram 1214, dos quais 400 em Aiamonte; 200 em Cádis, 276 em Redondela; 203 em Lepe; 66 em Huelva e 24 em Conil de la Frontera. A localidade mais atingida no interior foi Coria, com 21 vítimas mortais atingidas, quase todas pelo desmoronamento de edifícios que não suportaram o abalo de terra. Conclusão: Podemos referir que, passados mais de 250 anos sobre o acontecimento, ainda em pleno século XXI se continua a escrever sobre o acontecido e a catalogar este evento como um dos dois maiores tremores de terra que “chocaram o mundo” numa comparação direta com o acontecido em Aceh/Sumatra no ano de 2004. O “terramoto de Lisboa”, apesar de ficar para sempre ligado ao nome da capital de um pequeno país no sul da Europa, abalou o coração do velho Continente continuando a ocupar um espaço no pódio dos maiores cataclismos que assolaram a humanidade.
Introduction: The earthquake that struck Lisbon in November de1755 had a strong impact on eighteenth-century Europe, casting fear and consternation. For having been the capital of the Portuguese kingdom, which suffered most from the earthquake and fire that followed, it took its name, changing its name to Lisbon Earthquake. With the epicentre in the Atlantic Ocean, a few hundred kilometres south of Cape St. Vincent, it was the south of the country that suffered most from this disaster. This also explains that the event has spread to the entire western coast of Africa, from Rabat to Ceuta, existing narrative of the destruction of many villages and towns as "Fez, Tetuan, Saffy, Arzilla, Tangiers and Ceuta." In Morocco, notably in Agadir and Rabat, there are very clear indications that the effects felt in the November 1 were similar to those of Portugal. Noted that the islands of the Azores, the earthquake was felt on the ground without causing damage, while at sea were some boats in danger of sinking. Objectives: To describe the effects of the earthquake that destroyed Lisbon in 1755, in other realms, some of them far away from Portugal. Mention the number of casualties caused in neighbouring Spain. Methods: Systematic approach through collection, organization and critical evaluation of data obtained through documentary research, carried out in handwritten and printed sources, as well as critical assessment of the facts embodied in the historical sources. Results: We found numerous records of the effects of the 1755 earthquake claimed out of the realm of Portugal, with extensive documentation about the earthquake’s consequences in Spain and Morocco and several records in other European kingdoms. In France, it was felt in La Rochelle, Bordeaux, and other coast lands. In Switzerland, the event has been felt in Bern and Basel. In Italy, without causing great turmoil, it was felt among other places, in Lombardy. Other places that felt the earthquake were: Netherlands, Denmark, Norway and cities near the Baltic Sea. Sweden and Pomerania were also made to feel the effects of the Lisbon event, around the same time, with records of the waters of several lakes in these two regions, overflowing their beds, flooding the surrounding land and that after a few hours, returned to their former levels. In Ireland, the sea waters were choppy and in some places that island felt violent earth tremors. In Africa, the hardest hit locations were the Mediterranean coast, and the city of Meknes in Morocco was very destroyed. Caribbean also felt the effects of the "Lisbon earthquake." In Barbados Island, these were felt at two o'clock in an abnormal movement of water that lasted until ten at night. In Antigua it was also detected an abnormal movement of the water. More recent studies indicate that the transoceanic tsunami caused by the 1755 earthquake caused waves three meters high on the islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe. In the Spanish kingdom, 1275 people died because of the disaster. From this number 1214 death were due to the tsunami, of which 400 in Ayamonte; 200 in Cadiz, 276 in Redondela; 203 in Lepe; 66 in Huelva and 24 in Conil de la Frontera. The town hardest hit in the interior was Coria, with 21 fatalities, almost all by the collapse of buildings that could not stand the shock of the earthquake. Conclusion: We observed that, more than 250 years after the event, even in the XXI century, it continues to be written about what happened and cataloguing this event as one of two major earthquakes that "shocked the world" in a direct comparison with what happened in Aceh / Sumatra in 2004. The "Lisbon earthquake", despite being forever linked to the name of the capital of a small country in southern Europe, rocked the heart of the Old Continent and continues to occupy a place on the podium of the biggest disasters that have plagued humanity.
Introduction: The earthquake that struck Lisbon in November de1755 had a strong impact on eighteenth-century Europe, casting fear and consternation. For having been the capital of the Portuguese kingdom, which suffered most from the earthquake and fire that followed, it took its name, changing its name to Lisbon Earthquake. With the epicentre in the Atlantic Ocean, a few hundred kilometres south of Cape St. Vincent, it was the south of the country that suffered most from this disaster. This also explains that the event has spread to the entire western coast of Africa, from Rabat to Ceuta, existing narrative of the destruction of many villages and towns as "Fez, Tetuan, Saffy, Arzilla, Tangiers and Ceuta." In Morocco, notably in Agadir and Rabat, there are very clear indications that the effects felt in the November 1 were similar to those of Portugal. Noted that the islands of the Azores, the earthquake was felt on the ground without causing damage, while at sea were some boats in danger of sinking. Objectives: To describe the effects of the earthquake that destroyed Lisbon in 1755, in other realms, some of them far away from Portugal. Mention the number of casualties caused in neighbouring Spain. Methods: Systematic approach through collection, organization and critical evaluation of data obtained through documentary research, carried out in handwritten and printed sources, as well as critical assessment of the facts embodied in the historical sources. Results: We found numerous records of the effects of the 1755 earthquake claimed out of the realm of Portugal, with extensive documentation about the earthquake’s consequences in Spain and Morocco and several records in other European kingdoms. In France, it was felt in La Rochelle, Bordeaux, and other coast lands. In Switzerland, the event has been felt in Bern and Basel. In Italy, without causing great turmoil, it was felt among other places, in Lombardy. Other places that felt the earthquake were: Netherlands, Denmark, Norway and cities near the Baltic Sea. Sweden and Pomerania were also made to feel the effects of the Lisbon event, around the same time, with records of the waters of several lakes in these two regions, overflowing their beds, flooding the surrounding land and that after a few hours, returned to their former levels. In Ireland, the sea waters were choppy and in some places that island felt violent earth tremors. In Africa, the hardest hit locations were the Mediterranean coast, and the city of Meknes in Morocco was very destroyed. Caribbean also felt the effects of the "Lisbon earthquake." In Barbados Island, these were felt at two o'clock in an abnormal movement of water that lasted until ten at night. In Antigua it was also detected an abnormal movement of the water. More recent studies indicate that the transoceanic tsunami caused by the 1755 earthquake caused waves three meters high on the islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe. In the Spanish kingdom, 1275 people died because of the disaster. From this number 1214 death were due to the tsunami, of which 400 in Ayamonte; 200 in Cadiz, 276 in Redondela; 203 in Lepe; 66 in Huelva and 24 in Conil de la Frontera. The town hardest hit in the interior was Coria, with 21 fatalities, almost all by the collapse of buildings that could not stand the shock of the earthquake. Conclusion: We observed that, more than 250 years after the event, even in the XXI century, it continues to be written about what happened and cataloguing this event as one of two major earthquakes that "shocked the world" in a direct comparison with what happened in Aceh / Sumatra in 2004. The "Lisbon earthquake", despite being forever linked to the name of the capital of a small country in southern Europe, rocked the heart of the Old Continent and continues to occupy a place on the podium of the biggest disasters that have plagued humanity.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Consequences Consequências Earthquake Europe Impacto Terramoto
Contexto Educativo
Citação
Ferreira, A., Esteves, A., & Figueiredo, A. S. (2016). Impacto e consequências do terramoto de 1755 fora de Portugal. In M. M. Vieira, J. Neves-Amado, B. Araújo, & S. Deodato (Eds.), 10th International Seminar on Nursing Research proceedings (pp. 121-122). Universidade Católica Portuguesa.
Editora
Universidade Católica Portuguesa
Licença CC
Sem licença CC