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- Graphene oxide and graphene quantum dots as delivery systems of cationic porphyrins: photo-antiproliferative activity evaluation towards T24 human bladder cancer cellsPublication . Menilli, Luca; Monteiro, Ana R.; Lazzarotto, Silvia; Morais, Filipe M. P.; Gomes, Ana T. P. C.; Moura, Nuno M. M.; Fateixa, Sara; Faustino, Maria A. F.; Neves, Maria G. P. M. S.; Trindade, Tito; Miolo, GiorgiaThe development of new photodynamic therapy (PDT) agents designed for bladder cancer (BC) treatments is of utmost importance to prevent its recurrence and progression towards more invasive forms. Here, three different porphyrinic photosensitizers (PS) (TMPyP, Zn-TMPyP, and P1-C5 ) were non-covalently loaded onto graphene oxide (GO) or graphene quantum dots (GQDs) in a one-step process. The cytotoxic effects of the free PS and of the corresponding hybrids were compared upon blue (BL) and red-light (RL) exposure on T24 human BC cells. In addition, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and singlet oxygen generation were measured. TMPyP and Zn-TMPyP showed higher efficiency under BL (IC50: 0.42 and 0.22 µm, respectively), while P1-C5 was more active under RL (IC50: 0.14 µm). In general, these PS could induce apoptotic cell death through lysosomes damage. The in vitro photosensitizing activity of the PS was not compromised after their immobilization onto graphene-based nanomaterials, with Zn-TMPyP@GQDs being the most promising hybrid system under RL (IC50: 0.37 µg/mL). Overall, our data confirm that GO and GQDs may represent valid platforms for PS delivery, without altering their performance for PDT on BC cells.
- Unraveling the photodynamic activity of cationic benzoporphyrin-based photosensitizers against bladder cancer cellsPublication . Gomes, Ana T. P. C.; Neves, M. Graça P. M. S.; Fernandes, Rosa; Ribeiro, Carlos F.; Cavaleiro, José A. S.; Moura, Nuno M. M.In this study, we report the preparation of new mono-charged benzoporphyrin complexes by reaction of the appropriate neutral benzoporphyrin with (2,2′-bipyridine)dichloroplatinum(II) and of the analogs’ derivatives synthesized through alkylation of the neutral scaffold with iodomethane. All derivatives were incorporated into polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) micelles. The ability of the resultant formulations to generate reactive oxygen species was evaluated, mainly the singlet oxygen formation. Then, the capability of the PVP formulations to act as photosensitizers against bladder cancer cells was assessed. Some of the studied formulations were the most active photosensitizers causing a decrease in HT-1376 cells’ viability. This creates an avenue to further studies related to bladder cancer cells.