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- Creando relatos de vida para desarrollar líderes y contextos educativosPublication . Tintoré, Mireia; Serrão Cunha, Rosário; Cabral, Ilídia; Alves, José MatiasEn los próximos años, un reto importante que se le plantea a los sistemas educativos es la formación de directores capaces de hacer frente a los problemas derivados de cada contexto. Para facilitar el desarrollo directivo, la utilización de historias de vida de directores escolares puede resultar de utilidad pues es conocida la importancia de los modelos para la formación. El objetivo de la presente investigación es mostrar el proceso de elaboración de historias de vida correspondiente a 19 directores y directoras de escuelas públicas portugueses llevado a cabo por un grupo de investigadores. Se comentan los objetivos, metodología, fases de la investigación, resultados y productos elaborados. Como resultado de la investigación, se han producido relatos de vida, historias de vida, casos, vignettes, y relaciones de buenas prácticas. Todos estos productos pueden ser utilizados en los programas de dirección y contribuir a la mejora en la formación de líderes escolares.
- What makes learning easier and more difficult? The perspective of teenagersPublication . Cunha, Rosário Serrão; Ribeiro, Luísa Mota; Sequeira, Cristiana; Barros, Rita de Almeida; Cabral, Leonor; Dias, Teresa SilvaThis qualitative study aimed to understand the perceptions of adolescent students about what facilitates and hinders their learning. The knowledge of students' perceptions about their learning allows to improve the quality of the learning processes quality. Five focus groups were conducted, with a semi-structured script, in five different private schools from the North of Portugal, having participated in 32 students randomly selected. Participants were students from 7th, 8th and 9th grades, with ages between 12 and 15 years old. The data analysis followed a semi-inductive process and descriptive coding of data. The results highlighted the key role of teachers in students' learning; the importance of students action versus passivity in the classroom; the relevance of emotional and relational dimension to enhance students' engagement, and the relevance of learning self-regulation strategies. As for implications, it is suggested that actions be carried out with teachers and students based on the data collected and analyzed, in order to promote metacognition of both.
- O que facilita e dificulta a aprendizagem? A perspetiva de adolescentesPublication . Serrão Cunha, Rosário; Ribeiro, Luísa Mota; Sequeira, Cristiana; de Almeida Barros, Rita; Cabral, Leonor; Dias, Teresa SilvaEste estudo qualitativo teve como objetivo analisar as perceções de alunos adolescentes acerca dos aspetos que facilitam e dificultam a sua aprendizagem. O conhecimento das perceções dos alunos sobre a sua aprendizagem permite melhorar a qualidade dos processos de ensino-aprendizagem. A partir de um guião semiestruturado, foram realizados cinco grupos focais, em cinco escolas privadas do Norte de Portugal, tendo participado 32 alunos selecionados aleatoriamente. Os participantes eram alunos do 3º ciclo do Ensino Básico (7º, 8º e 9º anos), com idades compreendidas entre os 12 e os 15 anos. A análise dos dados seguiu um processo semi-indutivo de codificação descritiva. Os resultados realçam o papel fundamental do professor na aprendizagem; a importância da ação vs passividade dos alunos na sala de aula; a relevância da dimensão emocional e relacional para o envolvimento do aluno; e a relevância das estratégias de autorregulação da aprendizagem. Como implicações sugere-se a concretização de ações junto de professores e alunos assente nos dados recolhidos e analisados, que sejam promotoras da metacognição de ambos.
- Giving voice to problems faced by school leaders in PortugalPublication . Espuny, Mireia Tintoré; Cunha, Rosário Serrão; Cabral, Ilídia; Alves, José MatiasWorldwide, leadership stories are narratives of principals facing very different problems. The purpose of this study was to identify the current problems faced by Portuguese school principals, through these actors’ voice. Nineteen public school Portuguese principals participated in this study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, transcribed, coded, and categorised using Nvivo11 Pro. The analysis revealed that Portuguese principals have the same problems as their colleagues worldwide, but there are problems specifically related to the Portuguese educational system: problems from the process of school clustering and the leader-centred system of school management of this country. A framework to analyse the emerged problems and practical recommendations are proposed for school leaders, researchers, and policymakers to improve educational leadership
- Parental involvement during pandemic times: challenges and opportunitiesPublication . Ribeiro, Luísa Mota; Cunha, Rosário Serrão; Silva, Maria Conceição Andrade e; Carvalho, Marisa; Vital, Maria LuísaDue to COVID-19, many countries implemented emergency plans, such as lockdown and school closures. This new situation has significantly affected families, namely, the involvement required to support children's learning at home. The current study aimed to analyze Portuguese parents' perceptions of their home-based parental involvement in their children's learning during the lockdown and school closures in 2020 due to COVID-19. An online survey, using a closed-ended questionnaire, was employed. Variables included parents' sociodemographic and COVID-19 related characteristics; students' sociodemographic characteristics; distance learning context; parental involvement; and students' autonomy. Data were collected from a sample of 21,333 parents with children from elementary school to secondary education, and statistical data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 26. Findings revealed that Portuguese parents supported their children during the pandemic mainly through the monitoring of attention in classes and task realization. However, several variables appear to significantly determine parental involvement time, which is higher when students attend public schools, when they are less autonomous and younger, when parents' level of education is lower, when the child is a boy (except in secondary education where gender is not relevant), and when the online school time is higher. Findings highlight the need for a significant investment of time from parents, particularly of primary school children, making it difficult to cohere work or telework with school activities. Implications for policies, schools, families are discussed in order to promote children's learning and success.
- First-year law students’ and teacher’s questioning in classPublication . Ribeiro, Luísa; Rosário, Pedro; Moreira, Inês; Cunha, Rosário SerrãoClassroom questioning can be considered a key factor in the promotion of student engagement. This case study explored classroom questioning practices and perceptions of a group of 47 first-year law students and their teacher. Eight lessons of 90 min were observed and audio-recorded and afterward the students and the teacher answered a questionnaire. The teacher was also interviewed. Researchers examined the number and type of questions asked by the teacher and by the students in the classroom and analyzed the students' and the teacher's perceptions about the importance of classroom questioning. Results indicated that the teacher and most students consider questioning important or very important for student learning. The number of questions posed by students as opposed to by their teacher was not balanced, as the teacher was responsible for 93% of the questions. The analysis of the type of questions posed by the teacher and by the students showed a predominance of low-order questions. Therefore, classroom questioning in this case study did not seem to promote students' autonomous thinking. The current study suggests the importance of examining the teacher and students' patterns of questioning together, analyzing its similarities and discrepancies.
- Portuguese principals’ professional development needs and preferred learning methodsPublication . Cunha, Rosário Serrão; Tintoré, Mireia; Cabral, Ilídia; Alves, José MatiasDue to the crucial role principals have on school outcomes, investing in their training is a cost-effective approach for schools’ improvement. Research shows that principals attribute pertinence to their ongoing professional development. However, little research has been conducted on principals’ training needs from their viewpoint, particularly in Portugal. Through individual interviews (n = 19) and a questionnaire (n = 117) to principals, we collected data that enable us to understand principals’ perceptions on their training needs, focusing on learning areas, skills to be developed and learning methods. Results show considerable variability, reinforcing the relevance of tailored and contextualised approaches to professional development. Globally, principals request management skills and training opportunities that enable them to develop leadership skills (e.g., personal, interpersonal/socioemotional). Moreover, principals need training on instructional and distributed leadership practices. Collaborative and reflective methods are the ones principals prefer. Practical implications for the design of systematic professional development practices, in a lifelong perspective, are also discussed.
- School leadership practices of Portuguese principals: matching perceptions of principals and teachersPublication . Cabral, Ilídia; Silva, Maria da Conceição Andrade; Cunha, Rosário Serrão; Alves, José MatiasThis paper presents a study on teachers' and principals' perceptions of school leadership practices in Portuguese schools. Using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, perceptions about transformational, transactional and laissez-faire leadership practices and its consequences on leadership outcomes (followers' extra-effort, leaders' effectiveness and followers' satisfaction with leader) were collected from representative samples of Portuguese teachers (N = 21,082) and principals (N = 122). Results point to differences in the perceptions on leadership practices between principals and teachers: teachers tended to rate principals lower than the latter rate themselves in all transformational and transactional dimensions of leadership; most teachers did not perceive a dominant leadership style in their principals, whereas most principals see themselves as predominantly transformational. Also, for teachers, leadership practices have a higher impact on leadership outcomes than for principals. These results and their practical implications are discussed in the last sections of the paper.
- A scoping review of problems and challenges faced by school leaders (2003–2019)Publication . Tintoré, Mireia; Cunha, Rosário Serrão; Cabral, Ilídia; Alves, José Joaquim MatiasThe purpose of this scoping review is to analyse the literature concerning principals’ problems and challenges, beginning in 2003 and ending in 2019. The research team conducted an extensive search to locate relevant academic literature, comprising 17 years of research, and a total of 153 documents were analysed.According to the findings,most of the documents (71%) correspond tothe last six years (2014– 2019), and most are studies from Anglo-Saxon countries (55%). The results point to eight main categories related to thecomplex nature of the job (themanagement challenge, the complexity challenge and the learning challenge), and interactions with different stakeholders (problems with educational authorities and educational policy; the staff and teaching process; the students; the families and the school community; and the society). Although the importance given to each category varies from one context to another, problems concerning the complex nature of the job andwith the educational authorities and the educational policy are the most recurrent. A significant increase in the number and complexity of problems andchallenges throughout the timeswasnoticed,whichseemstoenhancetheneedfor changes in educational policies and the careful design and implementation of leadership training programmes.