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- Sintomatologia depressiva no termo da gestação, em mulheres de baixo riscoPublication . Silva, Vanessa; Ferreira, Cátia; Basílio, Adriana; Ferreira, Ana Beatriz; Maia, Berta; Miguelote, RuiObjetivos: Calcular a prevalência de sintomatologia depressiva pré-natal em grávidas de baixo risco, no termo da gestação, avaliar seus preditores e desfechos materno-fetais. Para tal, avaliar-se-á a aplicabilidade da Escala de Rastreio de Depressão Pós-Parto (PDSS 24) nessa fase da gravidez. Métodos: A PDSS 24 e um questionário sociodemográfico, psicossocial e médico (antecedentes obstétricos e patológicos) foram autoaplicados a 403 grávidas (37-40 semanas de gestação), com idade média de 30,5 anos (DP = 4,67). Por meio do processo clínico, foram recolhidos dados de resultados materno-fetais. Resultados: A PDSS 24 possui propriedades psicométricas adequadas para a deteção de sintomatologia depressiva pré-natal. A prevalência de sintomatologia depressiva pré-natal foi de 41,7%. Grávidas com níveis de escolaridade inferiores, não casadas, cuja gravidez não foi planejada e com antecedentes de acontecimentos de vida significativos apresentam risco duas vezes superior de sintomatologia depressiva no período pré-natal. Grávidas cujo apoio social percebido ao longo da gravidez não correspondeu ao desejado e com história prévia de depressão apresentam cerca de três vezes maior risco sintomatologia depressiva no período pré-natal. Para desfechos materno-fetais (pré-eclâmpsia, restrição de crescimento fetal, Apgar 1º/5º minuto, tipo de parto, percentil de peso, oligoâminos e necessidade de cuidados intensivos), as diferenças foram não significativas. Conclusão: O rastreio da depressão pré-natal deve ser realizado na gravidez. Porém, no termo da gestação o uso da PDSS 24 como ferramenta de deteção de sintomatologia depressiva deve ser feito com cautela. A elevada prevalência de sintomas relacionados com o sono nessa fase da gestação pode conduzir ao sobre diagnóstico, usando a PDSS 24.
- Association between appearance schemas and personality traitsPublication . Maia, B.; Marques, M.; Carvalho, F.Introduction: Personality traits play are related to many forms of psychological distress, such as body dissatisfaction. Objectives: To explore the associations between appearance schemas and personality traits. Methods: 494 university students (80.2% females; 99.2% single), with a mean age of 20.17 years old (SD=1.77; range:18-20), filled in the Appearance Schemas Inventory-Revised, the NEO-Personality Inventory, and the Composite Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale. Results: A significant difference was found in Self-evaluation Salience scores by sex [females (M=37.99,SD=7.82); males (M=35.36,SD=6.60);t(489)=-3.052,p=.002]. Having conducted correlations separately, by sex, Self-Evaluation Salience was correlated with Concern Over Mistakes (r=.27), Doubts about Actions (r=.35), and Socially-Prescribed Perfectionism (r=.23). For females, Self-evaluation Salience was correlated with Concern Over Mistakes (r=.34), Personal Standards (r=.25), Doubts about Actions (r=.33), Parental Expectations (r=.24), Parental Criticism (r=.24), Organization (r=.11), Socially-Prescribed Perfectionism (r=.31), Self-Oriented Perfectionism (r=.32), and Neuroticism (r=.33). Concerning Motivational Salience, in the total sample (not separately, by sex), this scale/dimension significantly correlated with Conscientiousness (r=. 18), Personal Standards (r=.23), Socially-Prescribed Perfectionism (r=. 10), and Self-Oriented Perfectionism (r=.29). Conclusions: Females seem to value more their self-appearance and, in females, the salience of appearance in life seems to be associated with maladaptive-perfectionism, as well as with adaptive-perfectionism. In males, the salience of appearance was only related with adaptive perfectionism. Males seem more concerned with their own standards, while for females other´s standards are also relevant. In females the level of salience of appearance in life seems to relate to the experience of feelings, such as anxiety/depression (neuroticism). The motivation to improve appearance seemed to be particularly related, in both sex, to adaptive perfectionism.
- Generalized problematic internet use and perfectionism in Portuguese university studentsPublication . Maia, B. Rodrigues; Soares, M. J.; Pereira, A. T.; Marques, M.; Carvalho, F.; Macedo, A.Introduction: Although there are several empirical studies exploring the relationship between problematic Internet use and personality traits, few had considered perfectionism. Objectives: To explore the association between generalized problematic Internet use and perfectionism. Methods: A sample of 433 Portuguese university students (Mage = 20.15 years, SD = 1.77, range = 18-25 years) completed the Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale 2/GPIU and the Multidimensional Perfectionism Composite Scale – short version. Results: GPIU total score (rs=.16**), Mood Regulation (rs=.22**), and Deficient Self-Regulation (rs=.13**) were correlated with Positive Striving factor. GPIU total score (rs=.38**), Preference for Online Social Interaction (rs=.16**), Mood Regulation (rs=.28**), Deficient Self-Regulation (rs = .33**), and Negative Consequences (rs=.41**) were significantly correlated with Evaluative Concerns factor. A one-way between groups analysis of variance was conducted to explore the relation between GPIU and perfectionism. Subjects were divided into three groups according to their GPIU risk levels (Group1:low-risk; Group2:medium-risk; Group3:high-risk). There was a statistically difference at p >.05 level in Positive Striving scores for the three risk level groups: F (2,430)=4.39, p=.013, and in Evaluative Concerns scores, F (2,430)=28.83, p=<.001. Post-hoc comparisons using the Tukey USD test, for Positive Striving, indicated that the mean score for Group1 (M=39.21, SD=8.56) was significantly different from Group3 (M=43.69, SD=9.74). Considering Evaluative Concerns, the mean score for Group1 (M=39.86, SD=11.31) was significantly different from Group2 (M=46.91, SD=11.42) and from Group3 (M=51.75, SD=8.54). Conclusions: GPIU is consistently related to maladaptive perfectionism. Future longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the bidirectional association between GPIU and perfectionism traits.
- Associations between social anxiety and avoidance, attachment styles and parental marital status, in late adolescencePublication . Maia, B. Rodrigues; Coelho, C.; Marques, M.; Carvalho, F.Introduction: The relation between insecure general attachment and social anxiety has long been established. Objectives: To explore the associations between social interaction and performance anxiety and avoidance, attachment styles, and parental marital status. Methods: 146 Portuguese adolescents, with a mean age of 18.99 years old (SD = .848; range: 18-20), filled in the Social Interaction and Performance Anxiety and Avoidance Scale and the Experiences in Close Relationships-Relationship Structures Questionnaire. Results: Distress/Anxiety was correlated with avoidance attachment to mother and father (rs = .17*, p = .04; rs = .18*, p = .03), to anxious attachment to romantic partner (rs = .21*, p = .01), and to anxious and avoidance attachment to best friend (rs = .25**, p = .00; (rs = .17*, p = .035). Avoidance was significantly correlated with avoidance to father and to romantic partner (rs = .18*, p = .03), and to anxious and avoidance attachment to best friend (rs = .21**, p = .009; rs = .18*, p = .03). A significant difference was found in avoidance attachment to father X2 = 10.246 (4, n = 146), p = .036, by parental marital status, with the adolescents with single/divorced parents presenting a higher mean score (Md = 111.10; Md = 82.93) than the other groups. Conclusions: Distress/anxiety seems to be associated with more close relationships, and a single/divorced status with Avoidance. Longitudinal studies are needed to explore if insecure attachment to parents predicts insecure extra-familiar attachment, and to explore the long-term effects of parental marital status.
- Internet addiction or problematic internet use? Which term should be used?Publication . Fernandes, Beatriz; Maia, Berta Rodrigues; Pontes, Halley M.Internet use has increased exponentially worldwide. Although the use itself is not negative, since it integrates several benefits, some individuals seem to show problems related to its excessive, uncontrolled, and dysfunctional use. Therefore, the interest of researchers in exploring this use, when it is excessive and unhealthy, has been growing, especially in the last two decades. However, being a subject/construct treated by different authors with different theoretical frameworks, several terms are used in the literature to describe this phenomenon. Regarding this, this article proposes to present a literature review of two of the most used and shared concepts in the scientific literature, that is, internet addiction and problematic internet use.
- Ansiedade, depressão e estresse em estudantes universitários: o impacto da COVID-19Publication . Maia, Berta Rodrigues; Dias, Paulo CésarA pandemia e a inerente alteração de comportamentos, a par da parca previsibilidade, geraram maior ansiedade na população. Nesse sentido, este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar se os níveis de depressão, ansiedade e estresse em estudantes universitários se alteraram no período pandêmico (2020) comparativamente a períodos anteriores/normais. O estudo foi constituído por dois grupos, sendo a amostra 1 constituída por 460 sujeitos com idade média de 20,14 anos, e a amostra 2 por 159 sujeitos com idade média de 20,40 anos. Todos preencheram um questionário sociodemográfico e as escalas de ansiedade, depressão e estresse. Os estudantes que integraram o estudo no período pandêmico apresentaram níveis significativamente mais elevados de depressão, ansiedade e estresse comparativamente aos que integraram o estudo no período normal. Os resultados sugerem um impacto psicológico negativo da pandemia nos estudantes. Importa continuar a explorar as implicações da pandemia na saúde mental dos estudantes, para que se possam prevenir e minorar os seus efeitos.
- Internet use patterns and the relation between generalized problematic internet use and psychological distress in Portuguese university studentsPublication . Maia, Berta Rodrigues; Marques, Mariana; Pereira, Ana Telma; Macedo, AntónioInternet use patterns, generalized problematic internet use, and the latter’s relation to psychological distress were explored in a sample of 503 university students (Mage = 20.25; SD = 2.75). A questionnaire about internet use patterns, the Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale 2, and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales were answered. The students spent 5 hours online on a daily basis. The total generalized problematic internet use index score corresponded to a medium-risk level, with 12.9% of men and 5.0% of women presenting a high-risk level. Higher total generalized problematic internet use risk levels corresponded to higher levels of depression, anxiety and stress. Our results seem to show that university students constitute a particularly vulnerable group in terms of problematic internet use, supporting the relation between generalized problematic internet use and psychological distress.