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- O sono em adolescentes portugueses: proposta de um modelo tridimensionalPublication . Pinto, Teresa Rebelo; Pinto, Joana Carneiro; Rebelo Pinto, Helena; Paiva, TeresaO sono é uma necessidade básica que influencia e é simultaneamente influenciada pela diversidade de atividades, papéis e contextos de vida, assumindo particular importância nos adolescentes. Apresenta-se um estudo com 400 alunos do 9º e 11º anos de escolaridade, de duas escolas da região de Lisboa, avaliados através do Questionário Sobre Sono para Adolescentes - QSSA. Os resultados quantitativos da caracterização do sono incidiram sobre hábitos, auto perceções e conhecimentos. Da exploração qualitativa dos fatores invocados por uma subamostra de 100 adolescentes como fundamento das suas auto perceções, emergiram as categorias de qualidade, importância e atitudes. Com base nestes resultados, propõe-se um modelo tridimensional acerca do sono dos adolescentes que contempla hábitos de sono, fatores pessoais e fatores ambientais.
- Sleep habits, personal factors and environmental factors: a three-dimensional sleep model for Portuguese adolescentsPublication . Pinto, Joana Carneiro; Pinto, Teresa Rebelo; Pinto, Helena Rebelo; Paiva, TeresaObjectives: This study characterizes sleep’s adolescents considering habits, self-perceptions, and knowledge, explores the factors that underline their self-perceptions, and proposes a model to an integrative approach of sleep as framework of future researches and interventions. Methods: Participated 400 students (54.8% girls 45.3% boys), with a mean age of 15.33 years, attending the 9th and 11th grades, of two schools in Lisbon. They were assessed by the Questionnaire About Sleep for Adolescents (Rebelo-Pinto, 2010), which addresses 18 questions about sleep habits and routines, 5 about self-perceptions, and 20 about knowledge. Results: Quantitative results focused on: i) sleep duration, regularity and autonomy, verifying a marked irregularity in rise (4h04) and bedtime (2h18) hours, or total sleep time (2h06) comparing week and weekend; ii) on organization and functionality of the room and eating habits, whereas the main causes attributed to insufficient sleep are “noises in the room”, “watch TV until late”, and “being at the internet for hours”; and, iii) factors of cognitive and emotional nature such as knowledge and concerns, since the majority deemed to have “average” (45.5%) and “good” (23.0%) knowledge. From the qualitative exploration of self-perceptions, emerged in the environmental factors the daily activities in relation with sleep, and in the personal factors the knowledge and problems related to sleep. Conclusions: Results raised the possibility of developing a proposal for a three-dimensional model about sleep that addresses sleep habits, personal factors and environmental factors, and that can be used as a generator matrix of objectives for clinical and educational interventions.
- Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Sleep Model’s QuestionnairesPublication . Pinto, Teresa Rebelo; Pinto, Joana Carneiro; Pinto, Helena Rebelo; Brito, Filipa; Paiva, TeresaObjectives: The present study aims to test the factor structure of two sleep questionnaires and their internal consistency in a sample of adolescents and their respective parents and to evaluate the validity and robustness of a three-dimensional model about sleep, addressing nine subcategories related to sleep habits, personal and environmental factors (Rebelo-Pinto, Pinto, Rebelo-Pinto, & Paiva, 2014). Methods: Participants were 654 adolescents from Portuguese schools, who completed “My Sleep and I” questionnaire, and 664 parents who completed “My child’s sleep” questionnaire; to them confirmatory factor analysis was applied. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis indicate that a nine-factor model has better fit indices compared with the others tested models for both samples (Adolescents: X2/df (chi-square/degrees of freedom)= 2.59, CFI (Comparative Fit Index)=.82, GFI (Goodness-of-Fit Index)=.92, RMSEA (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation)=.049, ECVI (Expected Cross-Validation Index)= 1.416; Parents: X2/df= 2.89, CFI=.85, GFI=.91, RMSEA=.053, ECVI= 1.528). Moreover, the comparison of the models through Δχ² index (chi-square difference between rival models) indicates a better fit for this model, Δχ² (24) = 186.5, p < .001 for adolescents and Δχ² (24) = 209, p < .001 for parents. Also, the three second-order factors have good internal consistency, convergent and discriminant validity for all factors in both samples. Conclusions: Results postulate that the three factors and their nine subcategories account for correlations between sleep habits, self-perceptions and knowledge about sleep.
- Headaches, sleep and academic success in adolescents.Publication . Pinto, Teresa Rebelo; Pinto, Joana Carneiro; Pinto, Helena Rebelo; Paiva, TeresaIntroduction and Objectives Sleep complaints often correlate with other health and social problems. During a national study about sleep habits in adolescents, we observed a very high frequency of headaches, so the aim of this work was to analyse what could be correlated with this complaint in terms of sleep duration, daytime sleepiness, academic success, age and gender. Materials and Methods We used a specific questionnaire that included Cleveland Adolescent Sleepiness Scale (CASQ) and other variables concerning sleep related habits, sleep complaints, health complaints and demographics. Teachers from 31 schools across Portugal collected data between January and April, 2012. We used SPSS to analyse data. Results The 6838 participants were between 12 and 22 years old, mean=14.97(1.99); 53.3% were females. From the whole sample, 53.8% (3671) students reported having headaches regularly. Those with a headache complaint slept less hours during weekdays (p=0.008) and more hours on weekends (p=0.045); they also had more daytime sleepiness (p=0.000), but showed no differences on academic success (p>0.050). As expected girls had more headaches than boys (p=0.000) and there were no differences across age, since all groups had high frequency of headaches (p=0.098). Conclusions These results suggest that in adolescents headaches are also related to sleep deprivation or sleep problems. In the future, we should pay more attention to headaches as a symptom of sleep problems and explore which factors may mediate the risk of academic failure in the presence of headaches. Furthermore, the high level of headaches in younger people across all age groups supports the need of early intervention.
- Validation of a three-dimensional model about sleep: habits, personal factors and environmental factorsPublication . Rebelo-Pinto, Teresa; Pinto, Joana Carneiro; Rebelo-Pinto, Helena; Paiva, TeresaObjectives: The present study aims to test the factor structure of two sleep questionnaires and their internal consistency in a sample of adolescents and their respective parents and to evaluate the validity and robustness of a three-dimensional model about sleep, addressing nine subcategories related to sleep habits, personal and environmental factors. Methods: Participants were 654 adolescents from Portuguese schools, who completed “My Sleep and I” questionnaire, and 664 parents who completed “My child׳s sleep” questionnaire; to them confirmatory factor analysis was applied. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis indicate that a nine-factor model has better fit indices compared with the others tested models for both samples (adolescents: χ2/df (Chi-square/degrees of freedom)=2.59, Comparative Fit Index (CFI)=.82, Goodness-of-Fit Index (GFI)=.92, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA)=.049, Expected Cross-Validation Index (ECVI)=1.416; Parents: χ2/df=2.89, CFI=.85, GFI=.91, RMSEA=.053, ECVI=1.528). Moreover, the comparison of the models through Δχ2 index (chi-square difference between rival models) indicates a better fit for this model, Δχ2 (24)=186.5, p<.001 for adolescents and Δχ2 (24)=209, p<.001 for parents. Also, the three second-order factors have good internal consistency, convergent and discriminant validity for all factors in both samples. Conclusions: Results postulate that the three factors and their nine subcategories account for correlations between sleep habits, self-perceptions and knowledge about sleep.