Centro de Estudos e Investigação em Direito (CEID)
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Browsing Centro de Estudos e Investigação em Direito (CEID) by Subject "3D printing"
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- Fashion: from 3D printing to digital fashionPublication . Rocha, Maria VictóriaOur scope is to emphasize the massive changes brought about by 3D and 4D printing in the fashion world (now connected with augmented reality and virtual reality) by addressing the concept of 3D printing and explaining when and how it started to develop in fashion, becoming the sewing machine of the twenty-first century. It has allowed for great changes in the fashion industry, namely the appearance of more sustainable, and customized apparel and accessories, simpler logistics and less transaction costs. This requires increased creativity, because it demands the cooperation of specialists from many different areas. New and before deemed impossible shapes have arisen. The final idea of prosumer and its meaning is before us. If we add 4D printing, that is, “intelligent” materials, 3D printing enters our day lives, with wearables and smart clothes. All this raises questions regarding copyright and industrial property protection and possible infringement in those areas. Current 4D products also raise questions regarding personal data protection. We will address how to protect intellectual property and personal data in this world of digital fashion, where augmented and virtual reality play a roll of increased importance.
- Impressão 3D e direito de autorPublication . Rocha, Maria VictóriaAs tecnologias de impressão 3D revolucionam as formas de produção e de consumo, fazendo-nos entrar numa era totalmente diferente, que terá o seu auge no make it yourself, hoje já possível em alguma medida, mas com potencialidade para um crescimento exponencial. A par com outros desenvolvimentos da era digital, a impressão 3D contribui decisivamente para a 4ª Revolução Industrial. As empresas produzem já objectos a pedido, próximo da distribuição e consumo, sem os custos e riscos do transporte e armazenamento. Os consumidores podem ter acesso imediato aos objectos impressos em 3D, ou fazê-los eles próprios. A tecnologia 3D coloca várias questões em matéria de Propriedade Intelectual e Industrial. Neste texto introdutório pretendemos analisar apenas algumas questões relacionadas com os direitos de autor. Em especial, procuramos saber em que medida as obras realizadas com recurso a estas tecnologias podem ser consideradas obras protegidas, quais as eventuais infracções que as mesmas possibilitam, nomeadamente através das plataformas de arquivos CAD/BIM contendo obras protegidas, que possibilidades existem para atenuar as violações e quais as utilizações livres. Pretendemos ainda dar conta dos vários intervenientes no mercado 3D e das relações que estabelecem entre si, com particular relevo para o movimento dos makers e seus efeitos no panorama industrial existente.
- Moda e impressão 3D: um novo paradigma?Publication . Rocha, Maria VictóriaFashion articles are largely copied by knockoffs and make alike industries, leading fashion originals industry to lose money. The fashion industry is constantly adapting itself to imitation and piracy. Copy affects high fashion industries. Fast fashion companies that make knockoffs, even before the original designs are sold, are most benefited by the practice, often hurting small highly qualified designers that don’t have ways to react. Also, fast fashion copying of original designers led these to lose money, and, in order to protect their designs, to use trademarks in the design, thus leading to less creativity, to sell bridge lines, to immediacy selling, and to create their own outlets. But copying is not only bottom up, the haute couture maisons copy from one another to define trends. Trend forecasting agencies are essential to reduce the risks of fashion lottery, in all companies, both of high fashion and fast fashion. Fashion goods may be protected by Copyright, Models and Designs, Trademarks and Other Distinctive Signs, Patents and Utility Models, Rules Against Unfair Competition, E-commerce, Domain, Names, Advertising Law, and by the sui generis right of Producer of Data Bases. There may also be overlapping of protections. Nevertheless, piracy rules in what concerns fashion. 3D Printing entered the fashion world late, as compared to other areas, because the technology and materials were not suitable for the fashion world, lacking flexibility, but once it entered the fashion industry it is changing the way this industry functions, leading to a new model.With this new way of producing and distributing several questions emerge, many of them related to Intellectual Property. Our aim in this work is to see what how3D printing as the power to transform the fashion industry and raise a few questions, especially regarding intellectual property piracy, that can be much stronger than what already happens.