Browsing by Author "Rizwan, Muhammad"
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- Enhancement of oxidative stability and antioxidant potential of flaxseed oil with cinnamon extractPublication . Rizwan, Muhammad; Khan, Ammar Ahmad; Rehman, Abdul; Nadeem, Muhammad Tahir; Tanweer, Saira; Khan, Usman Mir; Saeed, Kanza; Bano, Yasmeen; Alsulami, Tawfiq; Saleem, Faraz Sajid; Morya, Sonia; Ghafar, Saba; Rocha, Joao Miguel; Khalid, Muhammad ZubairOxidation in edible oils and fats is one of the main problems faced by the fat and oil industry. Using natural antioxidants is considered the preferred choice to minimize the application of synthetic antioxidants in food products. The present study was conducted to extract cinnamon extract and evaluate its antioxidant potential. The cinnamon extract was incorporated in flaxseed oil samples at different concentrations of 0.5, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, and 0.25% (v/v) and compared with the control (with no addition of natural/synthetic antioxidant) and another sample with 0.1% (v/v) of synthetic antioxidant (butylated hydroxytoluene [BHT]). The antioxidant activity of the flaxseed oil added with cinnamon extract was carried out by DPPH and FRAP assay. The extraction method, time and temperature treatments, and solvent concentrations significantly affected cinnamon extracts’ proximate composition, DPPH, and FRAP activity. Cinnamon extract showed higher flavonoid and total phenolic contents, which led to higher antioxidant activity. Phenolic contents were observed at 313.61 ± 19.83 mg GAE/100 g acetone extract. The DPPH assay showed a significant observation of 84.58 ± 3.80%, while the FRAP assay was 143.82 ± 11.21 μmol/g. During 28 days of storage, there was a significant decrease in free fatty acids, peroxide, iodine, and thiobarbituric acid values for the treatments with higher concentrations of cinnamon extract as compared to the control. The T1 and T2, exhibited PV of 4.69 and 4.53 milli-equivalents (meq/kg), respectively. The maximum value of peroxide was detected in T0 (4.78 meq/kg) and the lowest in TBHT (3.50 meq/kg), followed by T3 (3.97 meq/kg), T4 (3.94 meq/kg) and T5 (3.89 meq/kg). As compared to T0 and TBHT, cinnamon extract was significant in reducing the peroxide value. T0 showed the highest iodine value (198.51 I2/100 g), while TBHT and T5 showed the lowest iodine values of 173.76 and 175.29 g of I2 / 100 g, respectively. Moreover, T1, T2, T3, and T4 showed iodine values of 194.34, 195.10, 179.78, and 177.42 g of I2/100 g, respectively. The results revealed that the TBA value of oil increases with the increase of the storage period. T0 showed the highest TBA value (6.95 mg MDA/kg) and T5 had the lowest TBA value (5.92 mg MDA/kg). The TBA values of T1, T2, and T3 were 6.87, 6.63, and 6.68 mg MDA/kg, respectively. Overall, the cinnamon extract improved the oxidative stability of flaxseed oil as an alternative to synthetic antioxidants with no harmful effects on human health.
- Family first: evidence of consistency and variation in the value of family versus personal happiness across 49 different culturesPublication . Krys, Kuba; Chun Yeung, June; Haas, Brian W.; van Osch, Yvette; Kosiarczyk, Aleksandra; Kocimska-Zych, Agata; Torres, Claudio; Selim, Heyla A.; Zelenski, John M.; Bond, Michael Harris; Park, Joonha; Lun, Vivian Miu Chi; Maricchiolo, Fridanna; Vauclair, Christin Melanie; Poláčková Šolcová, Iva; Sirlopú, David; Xing, Cai; Vignoles, Vivian L.; van Tilburg, Wijnand A.P.; Teyssier, Julien; Sun, Chien Ru; Serdarevich, Ursula; Schwarz, Beate; Sargautyte, Ruta; Røysamb, Espen; Romashov, Vladyslav; Rizwan, Muhammad; Pavlović, Zoran; Pavlopoulos, Vassilis; Okvitawanli, Ayu; Nadi, Azar; Nader, Martin; Mustaffa, Nur Fariza; Murdock, Elke; Mosca, Oriana; Mohorić, Tamara; Barrientos Marroquin, Pablo Eduardo; Malyonova, Arina; Liu, Xinhui; Lee, J. Hannah; Kwiatkowska, Anna; Kronberger, Nicole; Klůzová Kráčmarová, Lucie; Kascakova, Natalia; Işık, İdil; Igou, Eric R.; Igbokwe, David O.; Hanke-Boer, Diana; Gavreliuc, Alin; Garðarsdóttir, Ragna B.; Fülöp, Márta; Gamsakhurdia, Vladimer; Esteves, Carla Sofia; Domínguez-Espinosa, Alejandra; Denoux, Patrick; Charkviani, Salome; Baltin, Arno; Arevalo, Douglas; Appoh, Lily; Akotia, Charity; Adamovic, Mladen; Uchida, YukikoPeople care about their own well-being and about the well-being of their families. It is currently, however, unknown how much people tend to value their own versus their family’s well-being. A recent study documented that people value family happiness over personal happiness across four cultures. In this study, we sought to replicate this finding across a larger sample size (N = 12,819) and a greater number of countries (N = 49). We found that the strength of the idealization of family over personal happiness preference was small (average Cohen’s ds =.20, range −.02 to.48), but present in 98% of the studied countries, with statistical significance in 73% to 75%, and variance across countries <2%. We also found that the size of this effect did vary somewhat across cultural contexts. In Latin American cultures highest on relational mobility, the idealization of family over personal happiness was very small (average Cohen’s ds for Latin America =.15 and.18), while in Confucian Asia cultures lowest on relational mobility, this effect was closer to medium (ds >.40 and.30). Importantly, we did not find strong support for traditional theories in cross-cultural psychology that associate collectivism with greater prioritization of the family versus the individual; country-level individualism–collectivism was not associated with variation in the idealization of family versus individual happiness. Our findings indicate that no matter how much various populists abuse the argument of “protecting family life” to disrupt emancipation, family happiness seems to be a pan-culturally phenomenon. Family well-being is a key ingredient of social fabric across the world, and should be acknowledged by psychology and well-being researchers and by progressive movements too.
- Happiness maximization is a WEIRD way of livingPublication . Krys, Kuba; Kostoula, Olga; Tilburg, Wijnand A. P. van; Mosca, Oriana; Lee, J. Hannah; Maricchiolo, Fridanna; Kosiarczyk, Aleksandra; Kocimska-Bortnowska, Agata; Torres, Claudio; Hitokoto, Hidefumi; Liew, Kongmeng; Bond, Michael H.; Lun, Vivian Miu Chi; Vignoles, Vivian L.; Zelenski, John M.; Haas, Brian W.; Park, Joonha; Vauclair, Christin Melanie; Kwiatkowska, Anna; Roczniewska, Marta; Witoszek, Nina; Işık, I. dil; Kosakowska-Berezecka, Natasza; Domínguez-Espinosa, Alejandra; Yeung, June Chun; Górski, Maciej; Adamovic, Mladen; Albert, Isabelle; Pavlopoulos, Vassilis; Fülöp, Márta; Sirlopu, David; Okvitawanli, Ayu; Boer, Diana; Teyssier, Julien; Malyonova, Arina; Gavreliuc, Alin; Serdarevich, Ursula; Akotia, Charity S.; Appoh, Lily; Mira, D. M. Arévalo; Baltin, Arno; Denoux, Patrick; Esteves, Carla Sofia; Gamsakhurdia, Vladimer; Garðarsdóttir, Ragna B.; Igbokwe, David O.; Igou, Eric R.; Kascakova, Natalia; Kračmárová, Lucie Klůzová; Kronberger, Nicole; Barrientos, Pablo Eduardo; Mohoricć, Tamara; Murdock, Elke; Mustaffa, Nur Fariza; Nader, Martin; Nadi, Azar; Osch, Yvette van; Pavlović, Zoran; Šolcová, Iva Poláčková; Rizwan, Muhammad; Romashov, Vladyslav; Røysamb, Espen; Sargautyte, Ruta; Schwarz, Beate; Selecká, Lenka; Selim, Heyla A.; Stogianni, Maria; Sun, Chien Ru; Wojtczuk-Turek, Agnieszka; Xing, Cai; Uchida, YukikoPsychological science tends to treat subjective well-being and happiness synonymously. We start from the assumption that subjective well-being is more than being happy to ask the fundamental question: What is the ideal level of happiness? From a cross-cultural perspective, we propose that the idealization of attaining maximum levels of happiness may be especially characteristic of Western, educated, industrial, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) societies but less so for others. Searching for an explanation for why “happiness maximization” might have emerged in these societies, we turn to studies linking cultures to their eco-environmental habitat. We discuss the premise that WEIRD cultures emerged in an exceptionally benign ecological habitat (i.e., faced relatively light existential pressures compared with other regions). We review the influence of the Gulf Stream on the Northwestern European climate as a source of these comparatively benign geographical conditions. We propose that the ecological conditions in which WEIRD societies emerged afforded them a basis to endorse happiness as a value and to idealize attaining its maximum level. To provide a nomological network for happiness maximization, we also studied some of its potential side effects, namely alcohol and drug consumption and abuse and the prevalence of mania. To evaluate our hypothesis, we reanalyze data from two large-scale studies on ideal levels of personal life satisfaction—the most common operationalization of happiness in psychology—involving respondents from 61 countries. We conclude that societies whose members seek to maximize happiness tend to be characterized as WEIRD, and generalizing this across societies can prove problematic if adopted at the ideological and policy level.
- Introduction to a culturally sensitive measure of well-being: combining life satisfaction and interdependent happiness across 49 different culturesPublication . Krys, Kuba; Haas, Brian W.; Igou, Eric Raymond; Kosiarczyk, Aleksandra; Kocimska-Bortnowska, Agata; Kwiatkowska, Anna; Lun, Vivian Miu Chi; Maricchiolo, Fridanna; Park, Joonha; Šolcová, Iva Poláčková; Sirlopú, David; Uchida, Yukiko; Vauclair, Christin Melanie; Vignoles, Vivian L.; Zelenski, John M.; Adamovic, Mladen; Akotia, Charity S.; Albert, Isabelle; Appoh, Lily; Mira, D. M.Arévalo; Baltin, Arno; Denoux, Patrick; Domínguez-Espinosa, Alejandra; Esteves, Carla Sofia; Gamsakhurdia, Vladimer; Fülöp, Márta; Garðarsdóttir, Ragna B.; Gavreliuc, Alin; Boer, Diana; Igbokwe, David O.; Işık, İdil; Kascakova, Natalia; Klůzová Kráčmarová, Lucie; Kosakowska-Berezecka, Natasza; Kostoula, Olga; Kronberger, Nicole; Lee, J. Hannah; Liu, Xinhui; Łużniak-Piecha, Magdalena; Malyonova, Arina; Barrientos, Pablo Eduardo; Mohorić, Tamara; Mosca, Oriana; Murdock, Elke; Mustaffa, Nur Fariza; Nader, Martin; Nadi, Azar; Okvitawanli, Ayu; van Osch, Yvette; Pavlopoulos, Vassilis; Pavlović, Zoran; Rizwan, Muhammad; Romashov, Vladyslav; Røysamb, Espen; Sargautyte, Ruta; Schwarz, Beate; Selim, Heyla A.; Serdarevich, Ursula; Stogianni, Maria; Sun, Chien Ru; Teyssier, Julien; van Tilburg, Wijnand A.P.; Torres, Claudio; Xing, Cai; Bond, Michael HarrisHow can one conclude that well-being is higher in country A than country B, when well-being is being measured according to the way people in country A think about well-being? We address this issue by proposing a new culturally sensitive method to comparing societal levels of well-being. We support our reasoning with data on life satisfaction and interdependent happiness focusing on individual and family, collected mostly from students, across forty-nine countries. We demonstrate that the relative idealization of the two types of well-being varies across cultural contexts and are associated with culturally different models of selfhood. Furthermore, we show that rankings of societal well-being based on life satisfaction tend to underestimate the contribution from interdependent happiness. We introduce a new culturally sensitive method for calculating societal well-being, and examine its construct validity by testing for associations with the experience of emotions and with individualism-collectivism. This new culturally sensitive approach represents a slight, yet important improvement in measuring well-being.
- Modernization, collectivism, and gender equality predict love experiences in 45 countriesPublication . Sorokowski, Piotr; Kowal, Marta; Sternberg, Robert J.; Aavik, Toivo; Akello, Grace; Alhabahba, Mohammad Madallh; Alm, Charlotte; Amjad, Naumana; Anjum, Afifa; Asao, Kelly; Atama, Chiemezie S.; Sainz, Mario; Salkičević, Svjetlana; Sargautyte, Ruta; Sarmány-Schuller, Ivan; Schmehl, Susanne; Shahid, Anam; Sharad, Shivantika; Siddiqui, Razi Sultan; Simonetti, Franco; Tadinac, Meri; Vauclair, Christin Melanie; Vega, Luis Diego; Walter, Kathryn V.; Widarini, Dwi Ajeng; Yoo, Gyesook; Zaťková, Marta; Zupančič, Maja; Sorokowska, Agnieszka; Atamtürk Duyar, Derya; Ayebare, Richard; Conroy-Beam, Daniel; Bendixen, Mons; Bensafia, Aicha; Bizumic, Boris; Boussena, Mahmoud; Buss, David M.; Butovskaya, Marina; Can, Seda; Carrier, Antonin; Cetinkaya, Hakan; Croy, Ilona; Cueto, Rosa María; Czub, Marcin; Dronova, Daria; Dural, Seda; Duyar, Izzet; Ertugrul, Berna; Espinosa, Agustín; Estevan, Ignacio; Esteves, Carla Sofia; Frackowiak, Tomasz; Garduño, Jorge Contreras; González, Karina Ugalde; Guemaz, Farida; Halamová, Mária; Herak, Iskra; Horvat, Marina; Hromatko, Ivana; Hui, Chin Ming; Jaafar, Jas Laile; Jiang, Feng; Kafetsios, Konstantinos; Kavčič, Tina; Kennair, Leif Edward Ottesen; Kervyn, Nicolas; Ha, Truong Thi Khanh; Khilji, Imran Ahmed; Köbis, Nils C.; Kostic, Aleksandra; Lan, Hoang Moc; Láng, András; Lennard, Georgina R.; León, Ernesto; Lindholm, Torun; Linh, Trinh Thi; Lopez, Giulia; Van Luot, Nguyen; Mailhos, Alvaro; Manesi, Zoi; Martinez, Rocio; McKerchar, Sarah L.; Meskó, Norbert; Pejičić, Marija; Misra, Girishwar; Monaghan, Conal; Mora, Emanuel C.; Moya-Garófano, Alba; Musil, Bojan; Natividade, Jean Carlos; Nizharadze, George; Oberzaucher, Elisabeth; Oleszkiewicz, Anna; Omar-Fauzee, Mohd Sofian; Onyishi, Ike E.; Özener, Baris; Pagani, Ariela Francesca; Pakalniskiene, Vilmante; Parise, Miriam; Pazhoohi, Farid; Pisanski, Annette; Pisanski, Katarzyna; Ponciano, Edna; Popa, Camelia; Prokop, Pavol; Rizwan, MuhammadRecent cross-cultural and neuro-hormonal investigations have suggested that love is a near universal phenomenon that has a biological background. Therefore, the remaining important question is not whether love exists worldwide but which cultural, social, or environmental factors influence experiences and expressions of love. In the present study, we explored whether countries’ modernization indexes are related to love experiences measured by three subscales (passion, intimacy, commitment) of the Triangular Love Scale. Analyzing data from 9474 individuals from 45 countries, we tested for relationships with country-level predictors, namely, modernization proxies (i.e., Human Development Index, World Modernization Index, Gender Inequality Index), collectivism, and average annual temperatures. We found that mean levels of love (especially intimacy) were higher in countries with higher modernization proxies, collectivism, and average annual temperatures. In conclusion, our results grant some support to the hypothesis that modernization processes might influence love experiences.
- Sex differences in human mate preferences vary across sex ratiosPublication . Walter, Kathryn V.; Conroy-Beam, Daniel; Buss, David M.; Asao, Kelly; Sorokowska, Agnieszka; Sorokowski, Piotr; Aavik, Toivo; Akello, Grace; Alhabahba, Mohammad Madallh; Alm, Charlotte; Amjad, Naumana; Salkičević, Svjetlana; Sargautyte, Ruta; Sarmány-Schuller, Ivan; Schmehl, Susanne; Sharad, Shivantika; Siddiqui, Razi Sultan; Simonetti, Franco; Stoyanova, Stanislava Yordanova; Tadinac, Meri; Varella, Marco Antonio Correa; Vauclair, Christin Melanie; Vega, Luis Diego; Widarini, Dwi Ajeng; Yoo, Gyesook; Zaťková, Marta Marta; Zupančič, Maja; Anjum, Afifa; Atama, Chiemezie S.; Duyar, Derya Atamtürk; Ayebare, Richard; Batres, Carlota; Bendixen, Mons; Bensafia, Aicha; Bizumic, Boris; Boussena, Mahmoud; Butovskaya, Marina; Can, Seda; Cantarero, Katarzyna; Carrier, Antonin; Cetinkaya, Hakan; Croy, Ilona; Cueto, Rosa María; Czub, Marcin; Dronova, Daria; Dural, Seda; Duyar, Izzet; Ertugrul, Berna; Espinosa, Agustín; Estevan, Ignacio; Esteves, Carla Sofia; Fang, Luxi; Frackowiak, Tomasz; Garduño, Jorge Contreras; González, Karina Ugalde; Guemaz, Farida; Gyuris, Petra; Halamová, Mária; Herak, Iskra; Horvat, Marina; Hromatko, Ivana; Hui, Chin Ming; Jaafar, Jas Laile; Jiang, Feng; Kafetsios, Konstantinos; Kavčič, Tina; Kennair, Leif Edward Ottesen; Kervyn, Nicolas; Ha, Truong Thi Khanh; Khilji, Imran Ahmed; Köbis, Nils C.; Lan, Hoang Moc; Láng, András; Lennard, Georgina R.; León, Ernesto; Lindholm, Torun; Linh, Trinh Thi; Lopez, Giulia; Luot, Nguyen Van; Mailhos, Alvaro; Manesi, Zoi; Martinez, Rocio; McKerchar, Sarah L.; Meskó, Norbert; Misra, Girishwar; Monaghan, Conal; Mora, Emanuel C.; Moya-Garófano, Alba; Musil, Bojan; Natividade, Jean Carlos; Niemczyk, Agnieszka; Nizharadze, George; Oberzaucher, Elisabeth; Oleszkiewicz, Anna; Omar-Fauzee, Mohd Sofian; Onyishi, Ike E.; Özener, Baris; Pagani, Ariela Francesca; Pakalniskiene, Vilmante; Parise, Miriam; Pazhoohi, Farid; Pisanski, Annette; Pisanski, Katarzyna; Ponciano, Edna; Popa, Camelia; Prokop, Pavol; Rizwan, Muhammad; Sainz, MarioA wide range of literature connects sex ratio and mating behaviours in non-human animals. However, research examining sex ratio and human mating is limited in scope. Prior work has examined the relationship between sex ratio and desire for short-term, uncommitted mating as well as outcomes such as marriage and divorce rates. Less empirical attention has been directed towards the relationship between sex ratio and mate preferences, despite the importance of mate preferences in the human mating literature. To address this gap, we examined sex ratio's relationship to the variation in preferences for attractiveness, resources, kindness, intelligence and health in a long-term mate across 45 countries (n = 14 487). We predicted that mate preferences would vary according to relative power of choice on the mating market, with increased power derived from having relatively few competitors and numerous potential mates. We found that each sex tended to report more demanding preferences for attractiveness and resources where the opposite sex was abundant, compared to where the opposite sex was scarce. This pattern dovetails with those found for mating strategies in humans and mate preferences across species, highlighting the importance of sex ratio for understanding variation in human mate preferences.
- Societal emotional environments and cross-cultural differences in life satisfaction: a forty-nine country studyPublication . Krys, Kuba; Yeung, June Chun; Capaldi, Colin A.; Lun, Vivian Miu-Chi; Torres, Claudio; Tilburg, Wijnand A. P. van; Bond, Michael Harris; Zelenski, John M.; Haas, Brian W.; Park, Joonha; Maricchiolo, Fridanna; Vauclair, Christin-Melanie; Kosiarczyk, Aleksandra; Kocimska-Zych, Agata; Kwiatkowska, Anna; Adamovic, Mladen; Pavlopoulos, Vassilis; Fulop, Marta; Sirlopu, David; Okvitawanli, Ayu; Boer, Diana; Teyssier, Julien; Malyonova, Arina; Gavreliuc, Alin; Uchida, Yukiko; Serdarevich, Ursula; Akotia, Charity; Appoh, Lily; Mira, D. M. Arevalo; Baltin, Arno; Denoux, Patrick; Dominguez-Espinosa, Alejandra; Esteves, Carla Sofia; Gamsakhurdia, Vladimer; Garoarsdottir, Ragna B.; Igbokwe, David O.; Igou, Eric R.; Isik, Idil; Kascakova, Natalia; Kracmarova, Lucie Kluzova; Kronberger, Nicole; Lee, J. Hannah; Liu, Xinhui; Barrientos, Pablo Eduardo; Mohoric, Tamara; Mustaffa, Nur Fariza; Mosca, Oriana; Nader, Martin; Nadi, Azar; Osch, Yvette van; Pavlovic, Zoran; Solcova, Iva Polackova; Rizwan, Muhammad; Romashov, Vladyslav; Roysamb, Espen; Sargautyte, Ruta; Schwarz, Beate; Selecka, Lenka; Selim, Heyla A.; Stogianni, Maria; Sun, Chien-Ru; Xing, Cai; Vignoles, Vivian L.In this paper, we introduce the concept of 'societal emotional environment': the emotional climate of a society (operationalized as the degree to which positive and negative emotions are expressed in a society). Using data collected from 12,888 participants across 49 countries, we show how societal emotional environments vary across countries and cultural clusters, and we consider the potential importance of these differences for well-being. Multilevel analyses supported a 'double-edged sword' model of negative emotion expression, where expression of negative emotions predicted higher life satisfaction for the expresser but lower life satisfaction for society. In contrast, partial support was found for higher societal life satisfaction in positive societal emotional environments. Our study highlights the potential utility and importance of distinguishing between positive and negative emotion expression, and adopting both individual and societal perspectives in well-being research. Individual pathways to happiness may not necessarily promote the happiness of others.
- The role of cultural heterogeneity in strengthening the link between family relationships and life satisfaction in 50 societiesPublication . Li, Liman Man Wai; Lun, Vivian Miu Chi; Bond, Michael Harris; Yeung, June Chun; Igou, Eric Raymond; Haas, Brian W.; Stoyanova, Stanislava; Maricchiolo, Fridanna; Zelenski, John M.; Vauclair, Christin Melanie; Uchida, Yukiko; Šolcová, Iva Poláčková; Sirlopú, David; Park, Joonha; Kosiarczyk, Aleksandra; Kocimska-Zych, Agata; Capaldi, Colin A.; Adamovic, Mladen; Akotia, Charity S.; Albert, Isabelle; Appoh, Lily; Arevalo, Douglas; Baltin, Arno; Denoux, Patrick; Domínguez-Espinosa, Alejandra; Esteves, Carla Sofia; Gamsakhurdia, Vladimer; Fülöp, Márta; Garðarsdóttir, Ragna B.; Gavreliuc, Alin; Boer, Diana; Igbokwe, David O.; Işık, İdil; Kascakova, Natalia; Kračmárová, Lucie Klůzová; Kostoula, Olga; Kronberger, Nicole; Kwiatkowska, Anna; Lee, J. Hannah; Liu, Xinhui; Łużniak-Piecha, Magdalena; Malyonova, Arina; Marroquin, Pablo Eduardo Barrientos; Mohorić, Tamara; Mosca, Oriana; Murdock, Elke; Mustaffa, Nur Fariza; Nader, Martin; Nadi, Azar; Okvitawanli, Ayu; Osch, Yvette van; Pavlopoulos, Vassilis; Pavlović, Zoran; Rizwan, Muhammad; Romashov, Vladyslav; Røysamb, Espen; Sargautyte, Ruta; Schwarz, Beate; Selim, Heyla A.; Serdarevich, Ursula; Stogianni, Maria; Sun, Chien Ru; Teyssier, Julien; Tilburg, Wijnand A. P. van; Torres, Claudio; Vignoles, Vivian L.; Xing, Cai; Krys, KubaWe argue that the importance of family relationships for individual well-being varies across societies as a function of a society’s degree of cultural heterogeneity. To examine the role of family relationships, we analyzed the responses from 13,009 participants in 50 societies on their life satisfaction across societies varying in their levels of historical and contemporary cultural heterogeneity. Such heterogeneity creates differences in the frequency of interacting with unfamiliar groups, which leads families to become more central to their members’ satisfaction with life. Multi-level analyses showed that historical and contemporary cultural heterogeneity moderated the pattern such that greater historical or contemporary cultural heterogeneity of society promoted a stronger positive relation between family relationship satisfaction and individual life satisfaction. Our results also revealed that the moderating role of historical cultural heterogeneity was more reliable than that of contemporary cultural heterogeneity. These findings demonstrate the importance of societal demography in shaping people’s psychological processes in different historical periods, suggesting a universal, trans-historical cultural process.
