Browsing by Author "Machado, Paulo P. P."
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- Eating and weight/shape criticism as a specific life-event related to bulimia nervosa: a case control studyPublication . Gonçalves, Sónia; Machado, Bárbara César; Martins, Carla; Machado, Paulo P. P.The present study aims to evaluate the occurrence of life events preceding the onset of eating problems in bulimia nervosa patients. A case-control design was used involving the comparison of 60 female subjects who meet DSM-IV criteria for bulimia nervosa with 60 healthy control subjects and 60 subjects with other psychiatric disorders. The RFI (Fairburn et al., 1998) subset of factors that represent exposure to life events in the 12 months immediately before the development of eating problems was used. Women with bulimia nervosa reported higher rates of major stress, criticism about eating, weight and shape and also a great number of antecedent life events during the year preceding the development of eating problems than the healthy control group. However, when compared with the general psychiatric control group only the exposure to critical comments about weight, shape or eating emerged as a specific trigger for bulimia nervosa. Our findings support the fact that eating and shape/weight criticism in the year preceding the development of eating disturbance seems to be specifically related to bulimia nervosa.
- O papel dos factores socioculturais no desenvolvimento das perturbações do comportamento alimentar: uma revisão da literaturaPublication . Gonçalves, Sónia F.; Machado, Bárbara César; Machado, Paulo P. P.As perturbações do comportamento alimentar são perturbações graves que se caracterizam por alterações significativas ao nível do comportamento alimentar associadas a uma preocupação extrema com o peso e forma corporais. Estas perturbações são mais frequentes em sociedades ocidentais, que enfatizam uma imagem corporal feminina magra. Talvez por esta razão, os factores socioculturais têm sido, muitas vezes, apontados, como os factores responsáveis pelo aumento da incidência das perturbações do comportamento alimentar. No entanto, a discrepância entre os valores de prevalência das perturbações do comportamento alimentar e o número total de pessoas expostas à pressão social para um corpo magro e tubular, questiona a importância desta exposição no desenvolvimento das patologias alimentares. O presente artigo apresenta uma revisão de estudos que procuram mostrar o papel etiológico dos factores socioculturais no desenvolvimento das perturbações do comportamento alimentar e a razão destas patologias, serem denominadas de culture-bound syndromes, bem como algumas perspectivas alternativas a estes modelos conceptuais que procuram revelar a fragilidade dos modelos etiológicos que enfatizam a importância destes factores na complexa etiologia das perturbações do comportamento alimentar.
- Psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the invalidating childhood environment scalePublication . Vieira, Ana Isabel; Gonçalves, Mónica; Machado, Bárbara César; Rodrigues, Tânia; Machado, Paulo P. P.; Brandão, Isabel; Timóteo, Sertório; Nunes, Patrícia; Gonçalves, SóniaPurpose The current study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the invalidating childhood environment scale (ICES) in a non-clinical and clinical sample of eating disorder (ED) patients. This study also investigated the between-sample differences regarding invalidating parental behaviors and family styles and explored the associations between invalidating childhood environments and eating pathology. Methods A sample of 410 high school and college students and 101 patients with a diagnosis of ED completed self-report measures. Principal component analyses and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to examine the factor structure of the ICES. The internal consistency and the between-sample differences and associations between invalidating childhood environments and eating pathology were also tested. Results Principal component analyses and confirmatory factor analyses indicated a two-factor solution for each parent. The ICES demonstrated high internal consistency and was able to differentiate between non-clinical and clinical samples. The perception of parental invalidation was higher in ED patients, and the clinical sample presented higher scores in the chaotic and perfect family styles and lower scores in the validating family style, in comparison with the non-clinical sample. Both maternal invalidation and invalidating styles were significantly associated with a higher ED symptomatology. Conclusions The Portuguese version of the ICES revealed adequate psychometric properties. Considering the relationship between invalidation in family and eating pathology, the ICES may be useful in clinical practice, especially among ED patients. Level of Evidence Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.
- Putative risk factors for non-suicidal self-injury in eating disordersPublication . Vieira, Ana Isabel; Machado, Bárbara C.; Machado, Paulo P. P.; Brandão, Isabel; Roma-Torres, António; Gonçalves, SóniaEvidence suggests a common association between eating disorders (EDs) and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). The present study aimed to investigate the potential risk factors for NSSI among ED patients. We assessed 245 ED patients with the Oxford Risk Factor Interview for ED. The results showed that 33% of ED patients reported NSSI in their lifetime. NSSI appeared to occur more frequently among binge eating/purging type ED patients than among patients with other ED and to be related to a more severe eating pathology. A younger age at the onset of eating problems, more negative self-evaluation, suicide attempts, substance abuse, parents’ low weight, family tension at mealtime, parental alcohol problems, childhood abuse, peer aggression, and negative antecedent life events were more common among patients with co-occurring EDs and NSSI than among patients without NSSI. The results may inform the risk assessment and treatment of NSSI in EDs in the early detection period.
- The moderating role of purging behaviour in the relationship between sexual/physical abuse and nonsuicidal self-injury in eating disorder patientsPublication . Gonçalves, Sónia; Machado, Bárbara César; Silva, Cátia; Crosby, Ross D.; Lavender, Jason M.; Cao, Li; Machado, Paulo P. P.This study sought to examine predictors of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) in eating disorder patients and to evaluate the moderating role of purging behaviours in the relationship between a theorised predictor (i.e. sexual/physical abuse) and NSSI. Participants in this study were 177 female patients with eating disorders (age range = 14–38 years) who completed semistructured interviews assessing eating disorder symptoms and eating disorder-related risk factors (e.g. history of sexual and physical abuse, history of NSSI and feelings of fatness). Results revealed that 65 participants (36.7%) reported lifetime engagement in NSSI, and 48 participants (27.1%) reported a history of sexual/physical abuse. Early onset of eating problems, lower BMI, feeling fat, a history of sexual/ physical abuse and the presence of purging behaviours were all positively associated with the lifetime occurrence of NSSI. The relationship between sexual/physical abuse before eating disorder onset and lifetime NSSI was moderated by the presence of purging behaviours, such that the relationship was stronger in the absence of purging. These findings are consistent with the notion that purging and NSSI may serve similar functions in eating disorder patients (e.g. emotion regulation), such that the presence of purging may attenuate the strength of the association between sexual/physical abuse history (which is also associated with elevated NSSI risk) and engagement in NSSI behaviours. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.