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Happiness maximization is a WEIRD way of living

2024Journal article Open access
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dc.contributor.authorKrys, Kuba
dc.contributor.authorKostoula, Olga
dc.contributor.authorTilburg, Wijnand A. P. van
dc.contributor.authorMosca, Oriana
dc.contributor.authorLee, J. Hannah
dc.contributor.authorMaricchiolo, Fridanna
dc.contributor.authorKosiarczyk, Aleksandra
dc.contributor.authorKocimska-Bortnowska, Agata
dc.contributor.authorTorres, Claudio
dc.contributor.authorHitokoto, Hidefumi
dc.contributor.authorLiew, Kongmeng
dc.contributor.authorBond, Michael H.
dc.contributor.authorLun, Vivian Miu Chi
dc.contributor.authorVignoles, Vivian L.
dc.contributor.authorZelenski, John M.
dc.contributor.authorHaas, Brian W.
dc.contributor.authorPark, Joonha
dc.contributor.authorVauclair, Christin Melanie
dc.contributor.authorKwiatkowska, Anna
dc.contributor.authorRoczniewska, Marta
dc.contributor.authorWitoszek, Nina
dc.contributor.authorIşık, I. dil
dc.contributor.authorKosakowska-Berezecka, Natasza
dc.contributor.authorDomínguez-Espinosa, Alejandra
dc.contributor.authorYeung, June Chun
dc.contributor.authorGórski, Maciej
dc.contributor.authorAdamovic, Mladen
dc.contributor.authorAlbert, Isabelle
dc.contributor.authorPavlopoulos, Vassilis
dc.contributor.authorFülöp, Márta
dc.contributor.authorSirlopu, David
dc.contributor.authorOkvitawanli, Ayu
dc.contributor.authorBoer, Diana
dc.contributor.authorTeyssier, Julien
dc.contributor.authorMalyonova, Arina
dc.contributor.authorGavreliuc, Alin
dc.contributor.authorSerdarevich, Ursula
dc.contributor.authorAkotia, Charity S.
dc.contributor.authorAppoh, Lily
dc.contributor.authorMira, D. M. Arévalo
dc.contributor.authorBaltin, Arno
dc.contributor.authorDenoux, Patrick
dc.contributor.authorEsteves, Carla Sofia
dc.contributor.authorGamsakhurdia, Vladimer
dc.contributor.authorGarðarsdóttir, Ragna B.
dc.contributor.authorIgbokwe, David O.
dc.contributor.authorIgou, Eric R.
dc.contributor.authorKascakova, Natalia
dc.contributor.authorKračmárová, Lucie Klůzová
dc.contributor.authorKronberger, Nicole
dc.contributor.authorBarrientos, Pablo Eduardo
dc.contributor.authorMohoricć, Tamara
dc.contributor.authorMurdock, Elke
dc.contributor.authorMustaffa, Nur Fariza
dc.contributor.authorNader, Martin
dc.contributor.authorNadi, Azar
dc.contributor.authorOsch, Yvette van
dc.contributor.authorPavlović, Zoran
dc.contributor.authorŠolcová, Iva Poláčková
dc.contributor.authorRizwan, Muhammad
dc.contributor.authorRomashov, Vladyslav
dc.contributor.authorRøysamb, Espen
dc.contributor.authorSargautyte, Ruta
dc.contributor.authorSchwarz, Beate
dc.contributor.authorSelecká, Lenka
dc.contributor.authorSelim, Heyla A.
dc.contributor.authorStogianni, Maria
dc.contributor.authorSun, Chien Ru
dc.contributor.authorWojtczuk-Turek, Agnieszka
dc.contributor.authorXing, Cai
dc.contributor.authorUchida, Yukiko
dc.date.accessioned2024-06-18T09:51:52Z
dc.date.available2024-06-18T09:51:52Z
dc.date.issued2024
dc.description.abstractPsychological science tends to treat subjective well-being and happiness synonymously. We start from the assumption that subjective well-being is more than being happy to ask the fundamental question: What is the ideal level of happiness? From a cross-cultural perspective, we propose that the idealization of attaining maximum levels of happiness may be especially characteristic of Western, educated, industrial, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) societies but less so for others. Searching for an explanation for why “happiness maximization” might have emerged in these societies, we turn to studies linking cultures to their eco-environmental habitat. We discuss the premise that WEIRD cultures emerged in an exceptionally benign ecological habitat (i.e., faced relatively light existential pressures compared with other regions). We review the influence of the Gulf Stream on the Northwestern European climate as a source of these comparatively benign geographical conditions. We propose that the ecological conditions in which WEIRD societies emerged afforded them a basis to endorse happiness as a value and to idealize attaining its maximum level. To provide a nomological network for happiness maximization, we also studied some of its potential side effects, namely alcohol and drug consumption and abuse and the prevalence of mania. To evaluate our hypothesis, we reanalyze data from two large-scale studies on ideal levels of personal life satisfaction—the most common operationalization of happiness in psychology—involving respondents from 61 countries. We conclude that societies whose members seek to maximize happiness tend to be characterized as WEIRD, and generalizing this across societies can prove problematic if adopted at the ideological and policy level.pt_PT
dc.description.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionpt_PT
dc.identifier.doi10.1177/17456916231208367pt_PT
dc.identifier.eid85187913649
dc.identifier.issn1745-6916
dc.identifier.pmid38350096
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/45502
dc.identifier.wos001162372900001
dc.language.isoengpt_PT
dc.peerreviewedyespt_PT
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/pt_PT
dc.subjectCulturept_PT
dc.subjectHappinesspt_PT
dc.subjectLife satisfactionpt_PT
dc.subjectSocietypt_PT
dc.subjectSubjective well-beingpt_PT
dc.titleHappiness maximization is a WEIRD way of livingpt_PT
dc.typejournal article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.citation.titlePerspectives on Psychological Sciencept_PT
rcaap.rightsopenAccesspt_PT
rcaap.typearticlept_PT

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