Publicação
Outcasts by choice: development and initial validation of the fear of being included (FOBI) scale
| dc.contributor.author | Gruda, Dritjon | |
| dc.contributor.author | McCleskey, Jim A. | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2026-04-20T15:50:06Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2026-04-20T15:50:06Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2026-08-01 | |
| dc.description.abstract | While research has focused on social exclusion, modern inclusion often involves obligations that threaten personal autonomy. This paper introduces Fear of Being Included (FOBI), a novel construct distinct from social anxiety, defined as resentment and avoidance related to anticipated loss of autonomy and “time theft” from social commitments. We validate this construct across three studies. In Study 1 (N = 240), we developed the 10-item FOBI scale, establishing its unidimensional structure and strong discriminant validity relative to social anxiety. In Study 2 (N = 386), a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) replicated the scale's structure and further differentiated FOBI from pathological narcissism and the general need for autonomy. In Study 3 (N = 282), we employed a scenario simulation task that manipulated inclusion through “forced” versus “consented” means. As hypothesized, we found that high-FOBI individuals reported significantly higher resentment and perceived autonomy violation specifically in the forced condition, while reacting similarly to low-FOBI individuals in consensual scenarios. These findings establish FOBI as a distinct construct, suggesting social avoidance has multiple pathways and pointing to a conflict between the needs for relatedness and autonomy. | eng |
| dc.identifier.doi | 10.1016/j.paid.2026.113827 | |
| dc.identifier.eid | 105035692389 | |
| dc.identifier.other | b0a38d40-aeb3-494e-a040-93310ebf3879 | |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/57532 | |
| dc.identifier.wos | 001749055000001 | |
| dc.language.iso | eng | |
| dc.peerreviewed | yes | |
| dc.publisher | Elsevier B.V. | |
| dc.rights.uri | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ | |
| dc.subject | Fear of being included | eng |
| dc.subject | FOBI | eng |
| dc.subject | Social inclusion | eng |
| dc.subject | Autonomy | eng |
| dc.subject | Social avoidance | eng |
| dc.subject | Resentment | eng |
| dc.subject | Personality | eng |
| dc.title | Outcasts by choice: development and initial validation of the fear of being included (FOBI) scale | |
| dc.type | research article | |
| dspace.entity.type | Publication | |
| oaire.citation.volume | 258 | |
| oaire.version | http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
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