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The Atlantic Ocean is a distinctive expanse within the global hydrosphere, encompassing an approximate area of 106,500,000 km², which accounts for nearly 20% of the Earth's surface. In the realm of international relations, it serves as the operational theatre for 65 sovereign states. Additionally, through its six principal maritime gateways, it accommodates non-Atlantic countries pursuing resources and other interests, further fuelled by the growing demand for minerals and raw materials driven by the energy transition. The paper delves into the geopolitical challenges that the Atlantic basin encounters in two critical dimensions: the ongoing processes linked to maritime boundary claims and the escalating demand for minerals and raw materials. It assesses the prospective long-term risks to Europe, emanating from both social and security concerns, along with the potential for regional instability. Furthermore, it contemplates the imminent challenges that Portugal will face within this evolving geopolitical framework in the Atlantic.
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Marine resources Marine spatial analysis Seabed authority Continental shelf