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Photoinactivation of phage phi6 as a SARS-CoV-2 model in wastewater: evidence of efficacy and safety

2022-03Journal article Open access
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dc.contributor.authorGomes, Marta
dc.contributor.authorBartolomeu, Maria
dc.contributor.authorVieira, Cátia
dc.contributor.authorGomes, Ana T. P. C.
dc.contributor.authorFaustino, Maria Amparo F.
dc.contributor.authorNeves, Maria Graça P. M. S.
dc.contributor.authorAlmeida, Adelaide
dc.date.accessioned2022-04-06T17:28:19Z
dc.date.available2022-04-06T17:28:19Z
dc.date.issued2022-03
dc.description.abstractThe last two years have been marked by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. This virus is found in the intestinal tract; it reaches wastewater systems and, consequently, the natural receiving water bodies. As such, inefficiently treated wastewater (WW) can be a means of contamination. The currently used methods for the disinfection of WW can lead to the formation of toxic compounds and can be expensive or inefficient. As such, new and alternative approaches must be considered, namely, photodynamic inactivation (PDI). In this work, the bacteriophage ϕ6 (or, simply, phage ϕ6), which has been used as a suitable model for enveloped RNA viruses, such as coronaviruses (CoVs), was used as a model of SARS-CoV-2. Firstly, to understand the virus’s survival in the environment, phage ϕ6 was subjected to different laboratory-controlled environmental conditions (temperature, pH, salinity, and solar and UV-B irradiation), and its persistence over time was assessed. Second, to assess the efficiency of PDI towards the virus, assays were performed in both phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), a commonly used aqueous matrix, and a secondarily treated WW (a real WW matrix). Third, as WW is generally discharged into the marine environment after treatment, the safety of PDI-treated WW was assessed through the determination of the viability of native marine water microorganisms after their contact with the PDI-treated effluent. Overall, the results showed that, when used as a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2, phage ϕ6 remains viable in different environmental conditions for a considerable period. Moreover, PDI proved to be an efficient approach in the inactivation of the viruses, and the PDI-treated effluent showed no toxicity to native aquatic microorganisms under realistic dilution conditions, thus endorsing PDI as an efficient and safe tertiary WW disinfection method. Although all studies were performed with phage ϕ6, which is considered a suitable model of SARS-CoV-2, further studies using SARS-CoV-2 are necessary; nevertheless, the findings show the potential of PDI for controlling SARS-CoV-2 in WW.pt_PT
dc.description.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionpt_PT
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/microorganisms10030659pt_PT
dc.identifier.eid85126769697
dc.identifier.issn2076-2607
dc.identifier.pmcPMC8954818
dc.identifier.pmid35336234
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/37277
dc.identifier.wos000774161500001
dc.language.isoengpt_PT
dc.peerreviewedyespt_PT
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/pt_PT
dc.subjectCoronaviruspt_PT
dc.subjectEnvironmental factorspt_PT
dc.subjectPhage ϕ6pt_PT
dc.subjectPhotodynamic inactivation (PDI)pt_PT
dc.subjectPorphyrinspt_PT
dc.subjectPseudomonas syringaept_PT
dc.subjectSARS-CoV-2pt_PT
dc.subjectVirusespt_PT
dc.subjectWastewaterpt_PT
dc.titlePhotoinactivation of phage phi6 as a SARS-CoV-2 model in wastewater: evidence of efficacy and safetypt_PT
dc.typejournal article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.citation.issue3pt_PT
oaire.citation.titleMicroorganismspt_PT
oaire.citation.volume10pt_PT
rcaap.rightsopenAccesspt_PT
rcaap.typearticlept_PT

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