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A concessão de ajudas públicas até à II.ª Guerra Mundial : fundamentos históricos da sua regulamentação internacional
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Abstract(s)
As ajudas públicas são uma constante das economias capitalistas. Mas é com o mercantilismo, a partir do século XVI, que as mesmas passam a ser usadas pelos Estados para manipular o comércio internacional, tendo suscitado reações contrárias (a atribuição de subvenções e a imposição de direitos aduaneiros) e, consequentemente, transformando as ajudas públicas numa questão supra-estatal. A regulamentação internacional das ajudas públicas surge, no século XIX, com os acordos de co- mércio livre, onde se procura impedir que medidas de “desarmamento” alfandegário sejam defraudadas pela concessão de subvenções. Por outro lado, a corrente económica dominante no período anterior à II.ª Guerra Mundial conclui que a concessão de ajudas públicas de manipulação do comércio internacional prejudica sobretudo o Estado concedente e beneficia os Estados importadores, salvo quando as subvenções têm caráter predatório. As subvenções à exportação são ainda inúteis para as indústrias subvencionadas quando geram medidas de reação dos Estados afetados. Deste modo, as subvenções à exportação deveriam ser internacionalmente proibidas e deveria admitir-se a imposição de direitos de compensação pelos Estados afetados. Deste modo, nas vésperas da adoção de instrumentos universais e regionais de regulamentação internacional das ajudas públicas, essa regulamentação era fundamentada por razões mercantilistas e pela ciência económica.
Public aid always existed in capitalist economies. However, it is only from the sixteenth century that states, following mercantilist doctrines, started using subsidies to manipulate international trade, attracting counteracting reactions (award of grants and imposition of customs duties). Public aid thus became a supranational issue. The international regulation of subsidies started in nineteenth century’s free trade agreements, which contained anti-subsidies clauses that sought to prevent customs liberalisation measures from being defrauded by the grant of subsidies. On the other hand, according to the dominant streak of Economics before WWII, the granting of public aid intended to manipulate international trade is harmful for the economy of granting states and benefits the economy of importing states, except when predatory subsidies are at stake. Export subsidies are also useless for subsidized industries when they generate counteracting reactions from affected states. Thus, export subsidies should be banned internationally and the adoption of countervailing duties by the affected states should be allowed. On the eve of the adoption of universal and regional international rules on public aid, those rules were justified for mercantilist motives and by Economics.
Public aid always existed in capitalist economies. However, it is only from the sixteenth century that states, following mercantilist doctrines, started using subsidies to manipulate international trade, attracting counteracting reactions (award of grants and imposition of customs duties). Public aid thus became a supranational issue. The international regulation of subsidies started in nineteenth century’s free trade agreements, which contained anti-subsidies clauses that sought to prevent customs liberalisation measures from being defrauded by the grant of subsidies. On the other hand, according to the dominant streak of Economics before WWII, the granting of public aid intended to manipulate international trade is harmful for the economy of granting states and benefits the economy of importing states, except when predatory subsidies are at stake. Export subsidies are also useless for subsidized industries when they generate counteracting reactions from affected states. Thus, export subsidies should be banned internationally and the adoption of countervailing duties by the affected states should be allowed. On the eve of the adoption of universal and regional international rules on public aid, those rules were justified for mercantilist motives and by Economics.
Description
Keywords
Ajudas públicas Subvenções Mercantilismo Adam Smith Cambismo Acordos de liberalização do comércio Jacob Viner Cordell Hull Fundamentos históricos State aid Subsidies Mercantilism Doctrine of free trade Trade liberalization agreements Historical foundations
Pedagogical Context
Citation
CAMPOS, Manuel Fontaine - A concessão de ajudas públicas até à II.ª Guerra Mundial: fundamentos históricos da sua regulamentação internacional. Boletim de Ciências Económicas. ISSN 0870-4260 2008 . N.º 56 (2013), p. 213 - 244
Publisher
Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra