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Uma análise comparativa entre as conceções republicanas de John Adams e de Thomas Paine durante revolução americana de 1776
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Nesta investigação é realizada uma análise comparativa da conceção republicana de Thomas Paine (1737-1809) exposta em Common Sense em 1776, com a de John Adams (1735-1826) exposta em Thoughts on Government no mesmo ano. O objetivo que se pretende alcançar é compreender a diferença político-filosófica entre Adams e Paine, que os fez divergir nas suas construções republicanas, com Adams a defender um sistema republicano bicamaral que protegesse a república da tirania democrática e Paine a defender um sistema republicano unicamaral mais igualitário e democrático que melhor representasse a vontade popular, de forma a prevenir as elites de concentrarem o poder político em si e oprimirem os direitos naturais dos restantes cidadãos. As conclusões propostas por este estudo são que o republicanismo de Adams conjugava elementos democráticos com elementos aristocráticos por se sustentar na proteção da liberdade, enquanto o republicanismo de Paine se aproximava mais da democracia por se sustentar na proteção da igualdade. A relevância deste estudo é que o mesmo elucida o debate de construção da repúblicana americana na sua fase embrionária de 1776, em que o republicanismo podia ser conjugado, em diferentes níveis de aproximação, com formas de governo tão distintas como a aristocracia e a democracia.
This article presents a comparative analysis of the republican conception of Thomas Paine (1737-1809), exposed in Common Sense in 1776, with that of John Adams (1735-1826), exposed in Thoughts on Government published in the same year. The objective intended to achieve is to understand the political-philosophical difference between Adams and Paine that made them diverge in their republican constructions with Adams defending a bicameral republican system that protected the republic of democratic tyranny, and Paine defending a more egalitarian and democratic unicameral republican system that better represented the popular will in order to prevent elites from concentrating political power in themselves and oppressing the natural rights of others citizens. The conclusions proposed by this study are that Adam’s republicanism combined democratic elements with aristocratic elements because it was based on the protection of liberty, while Paine’s republicanism was closer to democracy because it was based on the protection of equality. The relevance of this comparative analysis is that it elucidates the debate surrounding the construction of the American republic in the embryonic phase of 1776, in which republicanism could be combined at different levels of approximation with forms of government as distinct as aristocracy and democracy.
This article presents a comparative analysis of the republican conception of Thomas Paine (1737-1809), exposed in Common Sense in 1776, with that of John Adams (1735-1826), exposed in Thoughts on Government published in the same year. The objective intended to achieve is to understand the political-philosophical difference between Adams and Paine that made them diverge in their republican constructions with Adams defending a bicameral republican system that protected the republic of democratic tyranny, and Paine defending a more egalitarian and democratic unicameral republican system that better represented the popular will in order to prevent elites from concentrating political power in themselves and oppressing the natural rights of others citizens. The conclusions proposed by this study are that Adam’s republicanism combined democratic elements with aristocratic elements because it was based on the protection of liberty, while Paine’s republicanism was closer to democracy because it was based on the protection of equality. The relevance of this comparative analysis is that it elucidates the debate surrounding the construction of the American republic in the embryonic phase of 1776, in which republicanism could be combined at different levels of approximation with forms of government as distinct as aristocracy and democracy.
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Democráticos Igualdade John Adams Liberdade Republicana Thomas Paine Democratic Equality Liberty Republican