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Diversity of Portuguese common bean germplasm across regional origins
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Portuguese common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) landraces reflect long-term adaptation to diverse regional environments in Portugal, yet their use is limited to a reduced number of commercial types. This study evaluates a collection of 257 Portuguese common bean accessions to assess diversity patterns associated with regional origin (North, Centre and South) to support the identification of germplasm with potential for future valorisation. Regional origin significantly influenced seed morphology, mineral composition and bioactive compounds. Centre accessions exhibited greater seed width (6.5±0.7 mm) and seed height (8.3±0.8 mm, p <0.05), with magnesium contributing (>20%) to regional distribution. Northern accessions produced more seeds per pod (5.8±1.0 seeds/pod) and had the highest protein (22.4±2.9%), calcium (4.5±1.1 mg/g), potassium (16.1±1.8 mg/g, p <0.05) and phosphorus (4.8±0.9 mg/g) content, suggesting superior nutritional yield per seed. In Southern accessions, hotter and drier conditions stimulated significantly higher saponins concentration (43±7.3 mg DE/g DW) but lower phytic acid, starch, protein and mineral content. Overall, regional origin primarily shaped morphology and nutritional diversity, supporting the identification, conservation, and promotion of valuable Portuguese common bean landraces with underexplored regional diversity for breeding and sustainable food systems.