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Polymer-level functionalization yields biologically active and traceable enzyme-powered nanobots
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Background: 1. Active biomedical platform: Enzyme-powered nanobots are emerging as active biomedical platforms because they can convert local biochemical reactions into autonomous motion and functional responses. This capability makes them attractive for applications where passive nanoparticles may be limited, including targeted delivery, local therapeutic activity, biosensing, and traceable interventions within complex biological environments. 2. Active biomedical platform: In the context of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), where oxidative stress and epithelial damage coexist, there is a need for fabrication strategies that enable cargo delivery, enzymatic activity and imaging capability within a single, biologically compatible, nanobot architecture. 3. Conventional functionalization approach: Most reported systems rely on post-synthetic surface functionalization of pre-formed nanoparticles, a strategy that often compromises functional integration, reproducibility, and biological performance. 4. Surviving oral transit: Oral biocatalytic nanobots for IBD must survive gastrointestinal transit and remain active at inflamed colonic sites, requiring protective architectures that preserve enzymatic function, cargo integrity, and local therapeutic performance.