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- Development and psychometric property testing of a skin tear knowledge assessment instrument (OASES) in 37 countriesPublication . Van Tiggelen, Hanne; Alves, Paulo; Ayello, Elizabeth; Bååth, Carina; Baranoski, Sharon; Campbell, Karen; Dunk, Ann Marie; Gloeckner, Mary; Hevia, Heidi; Holloway, Samantha; Idensohn, Patricia; Karadağ, Ayişe; Langemo, Diane; LeBlanc, Kimberly; Ousey, Karen; Pokorná, Andrea; Romanelli, Marco; Santos, Vera Lucia Conceição de Gouveia; Smet, Steven; Williams, Ann; Woo, Kevin; Van Hecke, Ann; Verhaeghe, Sofie; Beeckman, DimitriAim: To develop and psychometrically evaluate a skin tear knowledge assessment instrument (OASES). Design: Prospective psychometric instrument validation study. Method: The skin tear knowledge assessment instrument was developed based on a literature review and expert input (N = 19). Face and content validity were assessed in a two-round Delphi procedure by 10 international experts affiliated with the International Skin Tear Advisory Panel (ISTAP). The instrument was psychometrically tested in a convenience sample of 387 nurses in 37 countries (April–May 2020). Validity of the multiple-choice test items (item difficulty, discriminating index, quality of the response alternatives), construct validity, and test–retest reliability (stability) were analysed and evaluated in light of international reference standards. Results: A 20-item instrument, covering six knowledge domains most relevant to skin tears, was designed. Content validity was established (CVI = 0.90–1.00). Item difficulty varied between 0.24 and 0.94 and the quality of the response alternatives between 0.01–0.52. The discriminating index was acceptable (0.19–0.77). Participants with a theoretically expected higher knowledge level had a significantly higher total score than participants with theoretically expected lower knowledge (p < .001). The 1-week test-retest intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.83 (95% CI = 0.78– 0.86) for the full instrument and varied between 0.72 (95% CI = 0.64–0.79) and 0.85 (95% CI = 0.81–0.89) for the domains. Cohen's Kappa coefficients of the individual items ranged between 0.21 and 0.74. Conclusion: The skin tear knowledge assessment instrument is supported by acceptable psychometric properties and can be applied in nursing education, research, and practice to assess knowledge of healthcare professionals about skin tears. Impact: Prevention and treatment of skin tears are a challenge for healthcare professionals. The provision of adequate care is based on profound and up-to-date knowledge. None of the existing instruments to assess skin tear knowledge is psychometrically tested, nor up-to-date. OASES can be used worldwide to identify education, practice, and research needs and priorities related to skin tears in clinical practice.
- Standardizing the classification of skin tears: validity and reliability testing of the International Skin Tear Advisory Panel Classification System in 44 countriesPublication . Van Tiggelen, H.; LeBlanc, K.; Campbell, K.; Woo, K.; Baranoski, S.; Chang, Y. Y.; Dunk, A. M.; Gloeckner, M.; Hevia, H.; Holloway, S.; Idensohn, P.; Karadağ, A.; Koren, E.; Kottner, J.; Langemo, D.; Ousey, K.; Pokorná, A.; Romanelli, M.; Santos, V. L. C. G.; Smet, S.; Tariq, G.; Van Den Bussche, J.; Van Hecke, A.; Verhaeghe, S.; Vuagnat, H.; Williams, A.; Beeckman, D.Background: Skin tears are acute wounds that are frequently misdiagnosed and under‐reported. A standardized and globally adopted skin tear classification system with supporting evidence for diagnostic validity and reliability is required to allow assessment and reporting in a consistent way. Objectives:To measure the validity and reliability of the International Skin Tear Advisory Panel (ISTAP) Classification System internationally. Methods: A multicountry study was set up to validate the content of the ISTAP Classification System through expert consultation in a two‐round Delphi procedure involving 17 experts from 11 countries. An online survey including 24 skin tear photographs was conducted in a convenience sample of 1601 healthcare professionals from 44 countries to measure diagnostic accuracy, agreement, inter‐rater reliability and intrarater reliability of the instrument. Results:A definition for the concept of a ‘skin flap’ in the area of skin tears was developed and added to the initial ISTAP Classification System consisting of three skin tear types. The overall agreement with the reference standard was 0·79 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0·79–0·80] and sensitivity ranged from 0·74 (95% CI 0·73–0·75) to 0·88 (95% CI 0·87–0·88). The inter‐rater reliability was 0·57 (95% CI 0·57–0·57). The Cohen's Kappa measuring intrarater reliability was 0·74 (95% CI 0·73–0·75). Conclusions: The ISTAP Classification System is supported by evidence for validity and reliability. The ISTAP Classification System should be used for systematic assessment and reporting of skin tears in clinical practice and research globally.