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- Sargassum muticum and Osmundea pinnatifida enzymatic extracts: chemical, structural, and cytotoxic characterizationPublication . Rodrigues, Dina; Costa-Pinto, Ana R.; Sousa, Sérgio; Vasconcelos, Marta W.; Pintado, Manuela M.; Pereira, Leonel; Rocha-Santos, Teresa A. P.; Costa, João P. da; Silva, Artur M. S.; Duarte, Armando C.; Gomes, Ana M. P.; Freitas, Ana C.Seaweeds, which have been widely used for human consumption, are considered a potential source of biological compounds, where enzyme-assisted extraction can be an efficient method to obtain multifunctional extracts. Chemical characterization of Sargassum muticum and Osmundea pinnatifida extracts obtained by Alcalase and Viscozyme assisted extraction, respectively, showed an increment of macro/micro elements in comparison to the corresponding dry seaweeds, while the ratio of Na/K decreased in both extracts. Galactose, mannose, xylose, fucose, and glucuronic acid were the main monosaccharides (3.2–27.3 mg/glyophilized extract) present in variable molar ratios, whereas low free amino acids content and diversity (1.4–2.7 g/100gprotein) characterized both extracts. FTIR-ATR and 1H NMR spectra confirmed the presence of important polysaccharide structures in the extracts, namely fucoidans from S. muticum or agarans as sulfated polysaccharides from O. pinnatifida. No cytotoxicity against normal mammalian cells was observed from 0 to 4 mglyophilized extract/mL for both extracts. The comprehensive characterization of the composition and safety of these two extracts fulfils an important step towards their authorized application for nutritional and/or nutraceutical purposes.
- Impact of enzyme- and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods on biological properties of red, brown, and green seaweeds from the Central West Coast of PortugalPublication . Rodrigues, Dina; Sousa, Sérgio; Silva, Aline; Amorim, Manuela; Pereira, Leonel; Rocha-Santos, Teresa A.P.; Gomes, Ana M. P.; Duarte, Armando C.; Freitas, Ana CristinaSeaweeds are an excellent source of bioactive compounds, and therefore the use of sustainable and food compatible extraction methods such as enzyme-assisted (EAE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction were applied on Sargassum muticum, Osmundea pinnatifida, and Codium tomentosum. Extracts were evaluated for proximate characterization and biological properties. Higher extraction yields were observed for C. tomentosum EAE (48-62%; p < 0.05 for Cellulase and Viscozyme), followed by O. pinnatifida (49-55%; p < 0.05 except Alcalase) and S. muticum (26-31%; p < 0.05). S. muticum extracts presented the highest nitrogen (25 +/- 2 mg/g(lyoph) (extract)) and total phenolics (261 +/- 37 mu g(catechol) (equiv)/gl(yoph) (extract)) contents, whereas higher sugars (78 +/- 14 mg(glucose) (equiv)/g(lyoph) (extract)) including sulfated polysaccharide (44 +/- 8 mg(Na2SO4) (acid)/g(lyoph) (extract)) contents characterized O. pinnatifida extracts. A higher effect on hydroxyl-radical scavenging activity (35-50%) was observed for all extracts, whereas S. muticum Alcalase and C. tomentosum Cellulase extracts exhibited higher prebiotic activity than fructooligosaccharides. O. pinnatifida and C. tomentosum EAE showed inhibitory potential against alpha-glucosidase (38-49%).