Browsing by Issue Date, starting with "2023-04"
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- Direito natural, direitos humanos, ecologia integralPublication . Cortês, António
- How platforms govern users’ copyright-protected content: exploring the power of private ordering and its implicationsPublication . Quintais, João Pedro; Gregorio, Giovanni de; Magalhães, João C.Online platforms provide primary points of access to information and other content in the digital age. They foster users’ ability to share ideas and opinions while offering opportunities for cultural and creative industries. In Europe, ownership and use of such expressions is partly governed by a complex web of legislation, sectoral self- and co-regulatory norms. To an important degree, it is also governed by private norms defined by contractual agreements and informal relationships between users and platforms. By adopting policies usually defined as Terms of Service and Community Guidelines, platforms almost unilaterally set use, moderation and enforcement rules, structures and practices (including through algorithmic systems) that govern the access and dissemination of protected content by their users. This private governance of essential means of access, dissemination and expression to (and through) creative content is hardly equitable, though. In fact, it is an expression of how platforms control what users – including users-creators – can say and disseminate online, and how they can monetise their content. As platform power grows, EU law is adjusting by moving towards enhancing the responsibility of platforms for content they host. One crucial example of this is Article 17 of the new Copyright Directive (2019/790), which fundamentally changes the regime and liability of “online content-sharing service providers” (OCSSPs). This complex regime, complemented by rules in the Digital Services Act, sets out a new environment for OCSSPs to design and carry out content moderation, as well as to define their contractual relationship with users, including creators. The latter relationship is characterized by significant power imbalance in favour of platforms, calling into question whether the law can and should do more to protect users-creators. This article addresses the power of large-scale platforms in EU law over their users’ copyright-protected content and its effects on the governance of that content, including on its exploitation and some of its implications for freedom of expression. Our analysis combines legal and empirical methods. We carry our doctrinal legal research to clarify the complex legal regime that governs platforms’ contractual obligations to users and content moderation activities, including the space available for private ordering, with a focus on EU law. From the empirical perspective, we conducted a thematic analysis of most versions of the Terms of Services published over time by the three largest social media platforms in number of users – Facebook, Instagram and YouTube – so as to identify and examine the rules these companies have established to regulate user-generated content, and the ways in which such provisions shifted in the past two decades. In so doing, we unveil how foundational this sort of regulation has always been to platforms’ functioning and how it contributes to defining a system of content exploitation.
- Development of clean label bakery products with natural preservativesPublication . Coelho, Marta; Sousa, Sérgio; Azevedo, Inês; Martins, Ana; Correia, Marta; Pimenta, Ana; Monteiro, Maria João; Gomes, Ana Maria; Pintado, Manuela; Teixeira, PaulaBakery products are generally well-liked and in high demand around the world, owing to their organoleptic properties as well as the diversity of products they provide. Simultaneously, the consumer profile and level of knowledge about the health-food relationship have shifted in recent years. Furthermore, the nutritional imbalance and high energy density of some formulations have increased the association of many bakery products with unbalanced dietary patterns and their link to metabolic syndrome and chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs). In this sense, the aim of this work was to improve the nutritional and functional profiles of bakery products by developing a healthy product line designated "Healthyfat" and "Nutrihealthy," as well as to reduce the high number of synthetic additives in these products by developing a new line of"Clean Label" products in which preservatives, aromas, and synthetic dyes were replaced by natural alternatives that were multifunctional whenever possible.
- Molecular variability of crop pathogensPublication . Santos, Carla S.; Silva, Marta Nunes da
- Social participation in times of COVID-19: effects on depression in the elderlyPublication . Domingos, Samuel; Francisco, Rita; Godinho, Cristina; Pedro, Marta; Gaspar, Rui
- Teoria política de Winston Churchill: duas mudanças de partido e o problema da consistência políticaPublication . Amparo, Filipa doÉ indiscutível o enorme contributo que Winston Churchill deu à teoria política, porém, a bibliografia é escassa neste tema. Este fenómeno deve-se sobretudo a duas mudanças de partido num sistema bipartidário, a traços de personalidade bem vincados e à falta de sistematização das suas ideias. Os conceitos de mudança de partido e consistência política estarão no centro da análise desta obra, sendo o objetivo mais amplo o de tentar extrair princípios e ideias que guiaram a ação política de Winston Churchill.
- Language impairment in the genetic forms of behavioural variant frontotemporal dementiaPublication . On Behalf of the Genetic FTD Initiative (GENFI); Samra, Kiran; MacDougall, Amy M.; Bouzigues, Arabella; Bocchetta, Martina; Cash, David M.; Greaves, Caroline V.; Convery, Rhian S.; van Swieten, John C.; Seelaar, Harro; Jiskoot, Lize; Moreno, Fermin; Sanchez-Valle, Raquel; Laforce, Robert; Graff, Caroline; Masellis, Mario; Tartaglia, Maria Carmela; Rowe, James B.; Borroni, Barbara; Finger, Elizabeth; Synofzik, Matthis; Galimberti, Daniela; Vandenberghe, Rik; de Mendonça, Alexandre; Butler, Christopher R.; Gerhard, Alexander; Ducharme, Simon; Le Ber, Isabelle; Tiraboschi, Pietro; Santana, Isabel; Pasquier, Florence; Levin, Johannes; Otto, Markus; Sorbi, Sandro; Rohrer, Jonathan D.; Russell, Lucy L.; Nelson, Annabel; Thomas, David L.; Todd, Emily; Benotmane, Hanya; Nicholas, Jennifer; Shafei, Rachelle; Timberlake, Carolyn; Cope, Thomas; Rittman, Timothy; Benussi, Alberto; Premi, Enrico; Gasparotti, Roberto; Archetti, Silvana; Maruta, Carolina; do Couto, Frederico SimõesBackground: Behavioural variant fronto-temporal dementia (bvFTD) is characterised by a progressive change in personality in association with atrophy of the frontal and temporal lobes. Whilst language impairment has been described in people with bvFTD, little is currently known about the extent or type of linguistic difficulties that occur, particularly in the genetic forms. Methods: Participants with genetic bvFTD along with healthy controls were recruited from the international multicentre Genetic FTD Initiative (GENFI). Linguistic symptoms were assessed using items from the Progressive Aphasia Severity Scale (PASS). Additionally, participants undertook the Boston Naming Test (BNT), modified Camel and Cactus Test (mCCT) and a category fluency test. Participants underwent a 3T volumetric T1-weighted MRI, with language network regional brain volumes measured and compared between the genetic groups and controls. Results: 76% of the genetic bvFTD cohort had impairment in at least one language symptom: 83% C9orf72, 80% MAPT and 56% GRN mutation carriers. All three genetic groups had significantly impaired functional communication, decreased fluency, and impaired sentence comprehension. C9orf72 mutation carriers also had significantly impaired articulation and word retrieval as well as dysgraphia whilst the MAPT mutation group also had impaired word retrieval and single word comprehension. All three groups had difficulties with naming, semantic knowledge and verbal fluency. Atrophy in key left perisylvian language regions differed between the groups, with generalised involvement in the C9orf72 group and more focal temporal and insula involvement in the other groups. Correlates of language symptoms and test scores also differed between the groups. Conclusions: Language deficits exist in a substantial proportion of people with familial bvFTD across all three genetic groups. Significant atrophy is seen in the dominant perisylvian language areas and correlates with language impairments within each of the genetic groups. Improved understanding of the language phenotype in the main genetic bvFTD subtypes will be helpful in future studies, particularly in clinical trials where accurate stratification and monitoring of disease progression is required.
- PrefácioPublication . Espada, João
- À guisa de prefácio: horizontes de uma avaliação para a aprendizagemPublication . Alves, José Matias
- Cause we are living in a Machiavellian world, and I am a Machiavellian major: Machiavellianism and academic major choicePublication . Gruda, Dritjon; McCleskey, Jim; Khoury, IssaStudents from diverse academic majors differ in their personalities. However, the study of the association between Machiavellianism (i.e., desire for power, status, and social dominance) and educational choices (i.e., academic major choices) that lay a path toward occupations that allow for those outcomes has been largely ignored. Using a large multinational sample of 35,025 participants across 50 majors, we found overall support for a significant association between Machiavellianism and academic major choice. We break down the results by sex and provide a cross-country comparison.