Repository logo

Browsing by Issue Date, starting with "2021-04-03"

Filter results by year or month
Now showing 1 - 2 of 2
  • A two-stage process for conversion of brewer’s spent grain into volatile fatty acids through acidogenic fermentation
    Publication . Guarda, Eliana C.; Oliveira, Ana Catarna; Antunes, Sílvia; Freitas, Filomena; Castro, Paula M. L.; Duque, Anouk F.; Reis, Maria A. M.
    This work is focused on the valorization of brewer’s spent grains (BSG) into volatile fatty acids (VFA) through acidogenic fermentation. VFAs are building blocks for several applications, such as bioplastics’ production. Using acid hydrolysis as pre-treatment, several batch assays were performed and the impact of organic load (OL) and pH on VFA production from BSG hydrolysate was assessed. Regardless of the condition, the produced acids were mainly butyric and acetic acids followed by propionic acid. The OL had a direct impact on the total organic acid concentration with higher concentrations at the highest OL (40 gCOD L-1). pH affected the concentration of individual organic acid, with the highest fermentation products (FP) diversity attained at pH 5.0 and OL of 40 gCOD L-1. To assess the potential application of organic acids for biopolymers (such as polyhydroxyalkanoates) production, the content in hydroxybutyrate (HB) and hydroxyvalerate (HV) monomers was estimated from the respective precursors produced at each pH and OL. The content in HV precursors increased with pH, with a maximum at pH 6.0 (ca. 16% C-mol basis). The acidogenic fermentation of BSG hydrolysate was also assessed in continuous operation, using an expanded granular sludge bed reactor (EGSB). It was shown that the BSG hydrolysate was successfully converted to VFAs without pH control, achieving higher productivities than in the batch operation mode.
    2021-04-03Journal article Open access Show more
  • Indirect translation in translator training: taking stock and looking ahead
    Publication . Torres-Simón, Ester; Pięta, Hanna; Maia, Rita Bueno; Xavier, Catarina
    In order to translate and be translated, low-diffusion languages often use strategies that differ from those used by widely spoken languages and therefore create particular challenges for translators. One such strategy is indirect translation (including also relay interpreting). Since there are conflicting opinions about this practice within the translation community, it is unclear to what extent indirect translation is present in translator training. In order to shed some light on this issue, this article reports on an exploratory study that looked at mentions of indirect translation in the European Masters in Translation (EMT) competences, at references to indirect translation in the syllabi of EMT programmes, at tasks to develop specific skills of indirect translation in mainstream training textbooks and at the responses to a survey addressed to translator trainers. Results suggest that indirect translation is overlooked at the institutional level (in the list of EMT competences, in the official EMT syllabi and in published textbooks) but still reaches future translators working with low-diffusion languages via in-class tasks developed by a significant part of surveyed trainers.
    2021-04-03Journal article Open access Show more