Browsing by Issue Date, starting with "2017-04-27"
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- A violência sectária entre Sunitas e Xiitas : da génese à contemporaneidadePublication . Lopes, Maria Ana Capelão Martins; Castello Branco, José Tomás de Gâmboa Pinto deO estudo presente nesta dissertação de mestrado tem como tema: “a violência sectária entre sunitas e xiitas: da génese à contemporaneidade”. Partindo deste tema elaborou-se a seguinte pergunta de partida: “O que pode ajudar a explicar o fenómeno da violência sectária entre sunitas e xiitas, desde a sua génese à contemporaneidade?”. Com o intuito de responder à questão em apreço nesta tese de mestrado identificámos como objeto de análise a Sharia, as Escolas e das doutrinas da teologia xiita e sunita, o estudo da legislação islâmica da guerra, ou Jihad e o fundamentalismo islâmico contemporâneo. Na presente tese de mestrado foi usada uma abordagem “externa”, que corresponde a uma visão ocidental sobre o problema. Este estudo desenvolveu-se com o recurso a obras literárias e científicas, artigos e materiais mais atuais e disponíveis online. Como objeto de estudo selecionámos obras ocidentais cujo foco de análise seja a literatura islâmica, incluindo neste lote autores e juristas muçulmanos “clássicos” (anteriores ao século XIX) e “modernos” (século XIX ao XXI). No final deste estudo, e com os instrumentos de análise utilizados, concluiu-se que não é possível, devido à sua complexidade, indicar apenas um fator decisivo que responda definitivamente à questão em apreço nesta tese de mestrado, de entre os seguintes: distintas escolas teológicas e interpretações da Sharia, evolução e modificações da Sharia devido a mudanças históricas e geopolíticas, conceções desiguais em relação à liderança política dos muçulmanos desde a morte de Ali e ao longo de toda a história do Islão, interpretação do conceito de conflito armado interno, transformações e desenvolvimento do significado de jihad por motivos histórico-políticos e diferentes visões de jihad por parte de fundamentalistas islâmicos devido a disparidades geopolíticas.
- Contribution of RBP-Jk and BS69 to gene regulation by EBNA2 and EBNA3Publication . Costa, Inês Maria de Carvalho; Farrell, PaulEpstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a large, ubiquitous human γ-herpesvirus. Infection of primary resting B lymphocytes with EBV forms proliferating lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL). EBV nuclear antigens (EBNA) EBNA2, EBNA3A and 3C are required for efficient transformation of B lymphocytes. EBNA2 acts as a transcriptional activator of viral and cellular genes that cause cell proliferation by acting as an adapter molecule that binds to DNA-binding proteins. The best known of these cell proteins is RBP-Jκ, although other binding sites have also been proved to mediate EBNA2 functions. The superior B cell transformation ability of Type 1 (T1) EBV, in comparison to Type 2 (T2) EBV, is due to greater or more rapid induction of a small group of cell and viral genes. It appears that EBNA2 binds to sites near these genes by a different mechanism from the usual process, which involves PU.1 and IRF transcription factors and is not dependent on the usual mechanism involving cell protein RBP-Jκ. BS69 cell protein is a transcriptional repressor. It interacts with adenovirus E1A and EBNA2 through its MYND domain which recognizes a PXLXP peptide motif present in EBNA2. EBNA3A and EBNA3C in Type 1 EBV also have the same motif. The aims of this study were to create a system to identify the non RBPJ EBNA2 binding sites in cell genes using a lymphoma cell line lacking RBPJ gene (SM224.9 cells) and to test binding of Type 1 EBNA3A and EBNA3C fragments to BS69 by in vitro translation and pull-down assay to determine if there are any differences in BS69 binding to each. Overall, DG75 and SM224.9 cells EBNA2 expression was successful, although it was not possible to determine which cell genes EBNA2 can activate without using RBP-Jκ. The results are consistent through all the pull-down assays repeated, with the T1 EBNA3A and 3C having a distinct binding to BS69. It is noticeable there is a stronger binding of T1 EBNA3C to BS69. T1 EBNA3A is able to bind better to BS69 when comparing to the T2 EBNA3A and EBNA3C. In all the assays there is some unspecific binding to Rab11b, used as a negative control. The pull-down assays were repeated various times in order to achieve better conditions, adjusting the incubation times with the IVT product and changing the buffer washes, to try to reduce the non-specific binding (both to GST-Rab11b and the beads). Changing the conditions did not significantly reduce the unspecific binding, either to Rab11b or the beads.
- Moving physiotherapy from evidence based practice towards evidence informed practicePublication . Beenen, Paul Christiaan; Caldas, Alexandre CastroThe context in which health professionals’ function is rapidly changing and demands proactive change. Health care is not adequately reforming towards a structure, which orientates to the health questions of an ageing population and the exploding prevalence of non-communicable diseases. The demand of the society to show more efficiency in the work done is failing, as innovations don’t get incorporated into practice and expenses for both research and practice keep rising. All these developments are set in the context of the knowledge society with its ability to collect and share more knowledge, more globally. This dissertation focuses in this context on the failure of the community of physiotherapy to manage the knowledge innovation and knowledge circulation in its theory and practice. The aim is to rethink the framework in which we manage knowledge in the profession, the evidence based practice movement, and define factors that can positively influence the impasse. An alternative framework, called Evidence Informed Practice, is formulated, to improve the knowledge management. Based on this new framework three studies were performed. The first one is a critical analysis of review methodology, representing one of the main EBP-tools used at the moment. In this analysis alternative and complementary directions for both the theory and practice of review methodology are formulated. The second and third study explores epistemic beliefs as one of the factors relevant for developing the evidence informed practice of the physiotherapist. This is done in a European perspective. The second study is the development of a survey by cross-cultural adapting two questionnaires measuring the epistemic beliefs of physiotherapist and one questionnaire to measure the attitude towards EBP. This is done in 10 different countries in Europe. The third study performs this survey in these countries. The results show that physiotherapists in Europe are similar in a moderate positive attitude towards EBP and that they have moderate epistemic beliefs. The conclusion of this dissertation is that the framework of evidence based practice and, consequently, its tools needs to be reformulated in order to solve the apparent knowledge management problem. The study offers an alternative framework and emphasize the ‘understanding of practice’ and, more specifically within this broad concept, epistemic beliefs as a determinant for innovation within physiotherapy