Browsing by Author "Martins, Ana Paula"
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- Antidiabéticos orais e internamentos atribuíveis à diabetes em PortugalPublication . Gouveia, Miguel; Laires, Pedro; Borges, Margarida; Augusto, Margarida; Martins, Ana PaulaIntrodução: O crescimento da despesa com antidiabéticos orais tem levado a preocupações questionando os ganhos de saúde e vantagens para o sistema de saúde gerados por esses medicamentos. Este estudo contribui para responder a estas questões.Material e Métodos: Numa primeira fase apresentam-se estimativas das três variáveis centrais a utilizar na análise: 1) a prevalência tratada da diabetes por ano e por região de saúde baseadas nos consumos de antidiabéticos orais, 2) o número de episódios de internamento hospitalar atribuíveis à diabetes com base nos riscos relativos das várias patologias e os seus custos e 3) uma caracterização quantitativa dos antidiabéticos orais consumidos através do cálculo da sua vintage média. Através do uso de observações para 10anos e cinco regiões, perfazendo um total de 50 observações, foi possível estimar um modelo econométrico explicando estatisticamente os internamentos e os custos hospitalares atribuíveis à diabetes por características regionais, pela prevalência tratada e pelavintage média dos antidiabéticos orais. Resultados: Os resultados dos modelos de regressão múltipla mostram que as despesas hospitalares são proporcionais à prevalência tratada, tudo o mais constante mas que quanto mais recente for a vintage dos antidiabéticos orais usados menores são os custos hospitalares. Os efeitos para o número de internamentos são similares. Discussão e Conclusões: Para uma observação média na amostra, se a vintage média dos antidiabéticos orais fosse um ano superior então os custos hospitalares seriam 5,3% inferiores (cerca de € 11 milhões em 2009) e o número de internamentos seria 3,8% menor (cerca de menos 3965 episódios em 2009). Um exercício contra factual permite estimar que para o ano de 2009 a introdução da classe dos inibidores de DPP IV permitiu reduzir o número de internamentos atribuíveis à diabetes em 8480 e com isso poupar €23,3 milhões em custos hospitalares.
- Reconciling the Nash and Kalai-Smorodinsky cooperative solutions: generalized maximands of CES formPublication . Martins, Ana PaulaThis paper suggests variations to the baseline Nash cooperative solution that take into account the Kalai-Smorodinsky critique. One the one hand, a CES form of the maximand is proven to accommodate both the generalized two-person Nash and the Kalai-Smorodinsky - as other proportional - solutions as special cases. As an alternative, a Stone-Geary formulation is forwarded, weighing both the distances to the threat and to the ideal point, along with the corresponding CES generalization. Interpretations of the implied equilibrium solutions – generalizable to n-person cooperative games – are provided, arising as equations balancing geometric averages of measures of attitude towards (large) risk(s) of the players.
- Taxation and mobility in dualistic models – (and) some neglected issues of fiscal federalismPublication . Martins, Ana PaulaIn this paper we present and confront the expected outcome of a raise in earnings taxes on the regional or sectoral allocation of labor force and employment. The basic frameworks are the benchmark dualistic scenarios. A single-input analysis of an homogeneous product economy is provided once extensions were designed to highlight the role of mobility barriers and how they interact with local wage-setting rules to determine regional allocation rather than trade issues or factor substitution. We report the main effects on equilibrium local after-tax wages, supply, employment and aggregate welfare surplus of a unilateral as well as a simultaneous unit tax increase of the (a) basic two-sector model in six different scenarios: free market; partial (one-sector) coverage with perfect intersector mobility; partial (one-sector) coverage with imperfect mobility (Harris-Todaro); multiple (two-sector) coverage with imperfect mobility (Bhagwati-Hamada); partial (one-sector) coverage with affiliation restrictions in the covered sector; partial (one-sector) coverage with limited employment generation ability in the traditional uncovered sector. Needless to say, the results would apply to any other production factor, one or other scenario being more appropriate for inference of the consequences of differential taxation systems.
- Teaching and evaluation patterns of a business BA program: teaching mix and student performancePublication . Martins, Ana PaulaEvaluation of BA programs is periodically conducted in the Portuguese public education system, involving inspection of indicators of teaching patterns and student achievement. In its course, primary information is gathered which provides a natural database for a more complex multivariate study of the teaching process. It was the purpose of this research to depart from information collected for the 2000/2001 Self-Evaluation report of the Business BA program of the Faculdade de Ciências Económicas e Empresariais of Universidade Católica Portuguesa and search for identifying patterns of the teaching-mix, and along with it, of student achievement. On the one hand, principal component decomposition provided a general view of the programme main features; discriminant analysis confirmed both scientific area and credit score category as providing significant affiliation identity to the programme courses. On the other, student performance was found significantly related to daily scheduling, teachers profiles and evaluation practices – even if some of the encountered effects may be thought endogenous, but impossible to be controlled for due to the lack of information on student effort.
- The impact of risk and mobility in dualistic models: migration under random shocksPublication . Martins, Ana PaulaIn this paper we present and confront the expected outcome of an increase in risk on the regional or sectoral allocation of labor force and employment. The basic frameworks are the benchmark dualistic scenarios. A single-input analysis of a homogeneous product economy is provided. Uncertainty is modeled as localized Bernoulli random experiments, additively affecting either labor demand or labor productivity, unilaterally, or in a perfectly (positive and negative) correlated fashion in both regions providing a stage from which conclusions on the expected consequences of random shocks (or of changes in workers' heterogeneity) to the economy can be drawn. A (deterministic) differentiated natural appeal of -an intrinsic imbalance between, a compensating income differential required by affiliates of one sector- the two regions is allowed to interact with equilibrium formation.We report the main effects on equilibrium local expected wages, supply, employment and aggregate welfare surplus of a unilateral as well as a simultaneous increase of labor demand dispersion in the (a) basic two-sector model in four different scenarios: free market; partial (one-sector) coverage with perfect inter-sector mobility; partial (one-sector) coverage with imperfect mobility (Harris-Todaro); multiple (two-sector) coverage with imperfect mobility (Bhagwati-Hamada).Importance of convexity of local labor demands was invariably recognized. A localized increase in risk does not always repel the labor force in the long-run. This statement would hold even if individuals were not risk-neutral, as assumed in the research.