Browsing by Author "Duque, Raquel"
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- Climate change and terrorism: the challenges for multilateralismPublication . Duque, RaquelClimate change poses one the most serious challenges to societies across the globe. As a transnational phenomenon, the action of a State alone cannot prevent, combat or mitigate the adverse consequences of climate change. The complexity of climate change also lies in its impacts in transversal sectors such as economics, politics, science, ethics, among others. Moreover, the scarcity of essential goods, material or immaterial, generates tensions in any community and climate change have implications in the livelihoods of people whenever there is a drought, a hurricane or a tsunami. These extreme conditions force people to displace in their country or to migrate and exacerbate the fragility of states which terrorist groups may exploit in their own profit. Awareness of climate change in all its dimensions has led states to recognize the importance of cooperation in solving domestic problems caused by the effects of climate change. Dialogue in multilateral arenas and action plans sanctioned by as many countries as possible, ensuring global action, becomes the most effective answer to climate change. Never have climate change issues had so much attention and concern from heads of state and government and public opinion. This can be seen in the diversity of high-level summits and panels in multilateral forums such as the UN, the European Union and security organizations such as NATO where climate change has been the central theme. From the above mentioned ideas, it is important to better understand the nexus between climate change and terrorism, as well as how multilateralism can respond to both phenomena, and this will constitute the core of this paper.
- Freedom and pandemic: on the way to a police state?Publication . Duque, RaquelThe COVID-19 pandemic presents a serious threat to public health. At the same time, measures adopted to combat it can have harmful and discriminatory effects on political rights and civil liberties, caused either intentionally or accidentally .Since the coronavirus outbreak, the condition of democracy and human rights has grown worse in 80 countries around the world according to the Freedom House. Governments have engaged in abuses of power, silenced their critics, undermined institutions and the existing mechanisms of accountability.This is the conclusion of the Freedom House research on the impact of COVID-19 on democracy and human rights which is original and based on a survey of nearly 400 journalists, civil society staff, activists, and other experts as well as research on 192 countries.The research presents the assumption that the COVID-19 pandemic is exacerbating the 14 years of repeated decline in freedom. Not only has democracy weakened in 80 countries, but the problem has become critical in struggling democracies and repressive states. This is also the basis of our presentation.The crisis of democracy is not a new political science subject, neither it is from this century. However, recently the pandemic seems to be the perfect excuse to impose measures that will be hard to reverse. Our presentation will analyse how democracy is being challenged during this pandemic and in order to do this, we will follow the “minimalist” and “electoralist” definition; at the same time, we will review some literature about the crises of democracy and connect this with the four behaviour warning signs made by Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt, that will help to identify a break in democracy.
- Segurança do espaço aéreoPublication . Duque, Raquel
- Terrorismo na aviação civil: perspectivas para uma estratégia europeia de segurança aéreaPublication . Duque, RaquelOs ataques de 11 de setembro de 2001 impuseram um novo olhar sobre a ameaça terrorista contra a aviação civil e evidenciaram a vulnerabilidade da segurança aérea europeia pela inexistência de uma política comum nesse setor. A União Europeia desenvolveu, desde então, a prevenção do terrorismo e a proteção dos transportes (entendidos como infraestruturas críticas) através da ampliação do quadro normativo comunitário e da arquitetura institucional, securitizando assim o multifacetado setor da aviação civil. Este artigo pretende, numa primeira parte, analisar a evolução da segurança aérea enquadrando as ameaças, a dinâmica global e a arquitetura institucional europeia da aviação; e numa segunda parte, questionar, com base nos desafios para a segurança da aviação, da necessidade de uma Estratégia Europeia de Segurança Aérea.
- Terrorismo na aviação civil: perspetivas para uma estratégia europeia de segurança aéreaPublication . Duque, RaquelOs ataques de 11 de setembro de 2001 impuseram um novo olhar sobre a ameaça terrorista contra a aviação civil e evidenciaram a vulnerabilidade da segurança aérea europeia pela inexistência de uma política comum nesse setor. A União Europeia desenvolveu, desde então, a prevenção do terrorismo e a proteção dos transportes (entendidos como infraestruturas críticas) através da ampliação do quadro normativo comunitário e da arquitetura institucional, securitizando assim o multifacetado setor da aviação civil. Este artigo pretende, numa primeira parte, analisar a evolução da segurança aérea enquadrando as ameaças, a dinâmica global e a arquitetura institucional europeia da aviação; e numa segunda parte, questionar, com base nos desafios para a segurança da aviação, da necessidade de uma Estratégia Europeia de Segurança Aérea.
- The UN in conflict resolution: the case of East TimorPublication . Garcia, Francisco Proença; Dias, Mónica; Duque, RaquelThe involvement of the United Nations in East Timor can be divided into four periods, including the anti-colonial period (1955-1974), the reaction period (1975-1982), the attenuation period (1983-1998) and the commitment period (from 1999). It is about this last period that this paper will focus by analysing the decisive steps of the UN, as a multilateral organization with a security mandate, in resolving the Timorese conflict and peacebuilding in that territory. This analysis will be guided by the proposals of the document "An Agenda for Peace" presented in 1992 by Boutros Boutros-Ghali, then Secretary-General of the United Nations, and the expectations he created in the field of peace operations. We are particularly interested in looking at the design of post-conflict peacebuilding missions and assessing the extent to which the (expected) capital gains from these operations compared to conventional peacekeeping missions would come to fruition or not. Thus, it is important to examine how the main missions were carried out, with special focus on the different actors, as well as to make a critical balance with some historical distance. In this context, it seems to us that the case of East Timor will be a good example to understand the need for a new approach to peacebuilding, as advocated in this Report, but which at a distance of more than 25 years becomes even more evident. The perception of peace as a continuous process that involves a whole sustainability network, and that depends above all on fostering and developing competences for peace (involving multiple and distinct actors facing constant coordination and negotiation challenges), therefore allows demanding greater commitment on the part of the Security Council, but also on that of the General Assembly in carrying out this difficult task in the context of the new world (dis) order.