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Human-to-human care in an age of relational AI: re-reading Joyce Travelbee for the era of intelligent agents

2026-05-27Preprint Acesso aberto
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dc.contributor.authorNeves, Hugo
dc.contributor.authorSousa, Joana
dc.contributor.authorSeguro, José
dc.contributor.authorBernardes, Rafael
dc.contributor.authorCaldeira, Sílvia
dc.contributor.authorShapira, Revital
dc.contributor.authorOliveira, Isabel
dc.contributor.authorCoelho, Adriana Neves
dc.contributor.authorParola, Vítor
dc.date.accessioned2026-07-29T16:33:53Z
dc.date.available2026-07-29T16:33:53Z
dc.date.issued2026-05-27
dc.description.abstractArtificial intelligence in health care is typically examined in terms of efficiency, predictive accuracy, and clinical decision support. Far less attention has been paid to how it reconfigures the conditions under which human beings meet one another in situations of illness, suffering, and care. Nursing, grounded in relational and existential understandings of practice, offers a distinct vantage point on this shift. This concept paper draws on conceptual analysis supplemented by an integrative literature synthesis on Joyce Travelbee's Human-to-Human Relationship Model and on conversational and relational forms of artificial intelligence in health, using MEDLINE, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and IEEE Xplore. Travelbee's model is mobilized as an interpretive lens, with attention to the stated aim of relational agents to sustain socio-emotional bonds with users. On this basis, the paper reads current evidence through the phases of original encounter, emerging identities, empathy, sympathy, and rapport. Rather than rehearsing a simple opposition between human and artificial empathy, the analysis argues that relational artificial intelligence introduces a third presence into what Travelbee conceived as a dyadic encounter, thereby reshaping trajectories of meaning, hope, and recognition. From this argument, the paper proposes the Triadic Human-to-Human Relationship Model (T-HHRM), articulated through six propositions and three modes of mediation, with phase-differentiated guidance for practice. Implications are outlined for the design and governance of artificial intelligence in health care, for the ethical responsibility of nurses, and for an empirical research agenda attentive to meaning, trust, and hope.eng
dc.identifier.doi10.2139/ssrn.6815585
dc.identifier.other2ee4ada9-5166-433c-a47b-7865fd015df9
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/58928
dc.language.isoeng
dc.publisherSSRN
dc.rights.uriN/A
dc.subjectArtificial intelligenceeng
dc.subjectConversational agentseng
dc.subjectNursing theoryeng
dc.subjectTravelbeeeng
dc.subjectTriadic human-to-human relationship modeleng
dc.subjectRelational careeng
dc.titleHuman-to-human care in an age of relational AI: re-reading Joyce Travelbee for the era of intelligent agents
dc.typepreprint
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.versionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85

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