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Comparative study of humoral and cellular immunity against SARS-CoV-2 induced by different COVID-19 vaccine types: insights into protection against wildtype, Delta and JN.1 omicron strains

2025-06-20Research article Open access
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datacite.subject.sdg03:Saúde de Qualidade
dc.contributor.authorHasan, Zahra
dc.contributor.authorMasood, Kiran Iqbal
dc.contributor.authorQaiser, Shama
dc.contributor.authorKanji, Akbar
dc.contributor.authorMwenda, Fridah
dc.contributor.authorAlenquer, Marta
dc.contributor.authorIqbal, Junaid
dc.contributor.authorFerreira, Filipe
dc.contributor.authorWassan, Yaqub
dc.contributor.authorBalouch, Sadaf
dc.contributor.authorYameen, Maliha
dc.contributor.authorHussain, Shahneel
dc.contributor.authorBegum, Kehkashan
dc.contributor.authorFeroz, Khalid
dc.contributor.authorMuhammad, Sajid
dc.contributor.authorSadiqa, Ayesha
dc.contributor.authorAkhtar, Mishgan
dc.contributor.authorHabib, Atif
dc.contributor.authorAhmed, Syed Muhammad Areeb
dc.contributor.authorMian, Afsar Ali
dc.contributor.authorHussain, Rabia
dc.contributor.authorAmorim, Maria Joao
dc.contributor.authorBhutta, Zulfiqar A.
dc.date.accessioned2025-08-13T16:07:20Z
dc.date.available2025-08-13T16:07:20Z
dc.date.issued2025-06-20
dc.description.abstractWe investigated the effectiveness of different COVID-19 vaccinations administered in Pakistan by studying the effect of inactivated virus, mRNA and vector formulations. This study in 916 participants was conducted between October 2021 and July 2022. Subjects receiving inactivated (A), mRNA (B), one-dose vector (C), and two-dose vector (D) vaccines were sampled at baseline, 6, 12, and 24 weeks. Serum IgG antibodies to wildtype Spike and its receptor binding domain (RBD) were measured. Pseudovirus particle-based neutralizing assays against wildtype, Delta, and JN.1 variants were performed. T cell IFN-γ responses to SARS-CoV-2 antigens were measured. Participants were aged 37.05 ± 14.44 years and comprised 48.6 % females. Baseline Spike seropositivity rose from 90 % to 96 % by 24 weeks; and 40 % to 90 % against RBD. Group B participants had the highest anti-RBD levels which peaked by 6 weeks. IgG RBD in group A and C increased up until 24 weeks. Anti-RBD levels were reduced in those over 50 years. At baseline neutralizing titers were present at 38.5 % against wildtype and in 34.2 % against Delta variants. Titers doubled in vaccine groups A-C by 12 weeks, with highest titers in B and lowest in group C participants. At baseline, neutralizing titers against the JN.1 variant were absent but low titers were evident in 10 % of participants after 12 weeks. T cell reactivity to SARS-CoV-2 increased from 31 % at baseline to 50 % in group A and 73 % in group B participants by 6 weeks after vaccination. Presence of immunity against wildtype and Delta variants in one-third of participants at baseline could be due to sub-clinical infections. Increase in humoral and cellular immunity was greater after mRNA as compared with inactivated vaccinations. As COVID-19 morbidity in the population remained low, our data supports effectiveness of multiple vaccine formulations in protecting against severe COVID-19 in this high transmission population.eng
dc.identifier.citationHasan, Z., Masood, K. I., Qaiser, S., & Kanji, A. et al. (2025). Comparative study of humoral and cellular immunity against SARS-CoV-2 induced by different COVID-19 vaccine types: insights into protection against wildtype, Delta and JN.1 omicron strains. Vaccine, 59, Article 127270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127270
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127270
dc.identifier.eid105005595392
dc.identifier.issn0264-410X
dc.identifier.other74ad2406-87b8-4765-b106-4c5140fd2d4e
dc.identifier.pmid40408899
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/54565
dc.identifier.wos001499728800004
dc.language.isoeng
dc.peerreviewedyes
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.subjectDelta
dc.subjectHigh infectious disease burden population
dc.subjectHumoral immunity
dc.subjectJN.1
dc.subjectMixed-vaccine study
dc.subjectNeutralizing activity
dc.subjectPsuedotyped-viral particles
dc.subjectQuantiFERON assay
dc.subjectSARS-CoV-2 variants
dc.subjectT cell immunity
dc.titleComparative study of humoral and cellular immunity against SARS-CoV-2 induced by different COVID-19 vaccine types: insights into protection against wildtype, Delta and JN.1 omicron strainseng
dc.typeresearch article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.citation.titleVaccine
oaire.citation.volume59
oaire.versionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85

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