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Hydrogel-forming ability and biological characterization of exopolysaccharide (EPS) from porphyridium cruentum

2026-05-01Artigo de investigação Acesso aberto
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dc.contributor.authorDuarte, Marta M.
dc.contributor.authorSuprinovych, Artem
dc.contributor.authorVeiga, Anabela
dc.contributor.authorLopes, Ana I.
dc.contributor.authorTavaria, Freni K.
dc.contributor.authorMorais, Rui C.
dc.contributor.authorOliveira, Ana L.
dc.date.accessioned2026-05-18T16:12:26Z
dc.date.available2026-05-18T16:12:26Z
dc.date.issued2026-05-01
dc.description.abstractExopolysaccharides (EPSs) are emerging as sustainable polymers for biomedical hydrogels. Here, we report hydrogels from sulfated EPSs produced by Porphyridium cruentum and ionically crosslinked with Ca2+, Ce3+, or Cu2+ to generate tunable networks with bioactive potential. Rheological analysis showed viscoelastic behavior was primarily governed by cation nature and accessible binding site density, with diminishing gains above 2.5 wt% EPS and limited benefit beyond 10 wt% crosslinker. Ce3+ produced the most solid-like gel, Ca2+ yielded more thixotropic networks, and Cu2+ promoted rapid, heterogeneous crosslinking consistent with fast surface complexation. These network signatures showed distinct in vitro performances. Cation selection tuned antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, with Cu2+ achieving rapid bactericidal effects and Ce3+ enabling an 8-log reduction after 24 h. The ABTS assay showed that Ca2+- and Ce3+-crosslinked gels had antioxidant potential (≥40 µM Trolox eq.mg−1); however, antioxidant capacity was assay dependent. Conditioned-medium assays showed ≥75% viability at day 3 for Ca2+- and Ce3+-crosslinked gels against human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs), while only Ce3+-crosslinked gels were cytocompatible against human keratinocytes (HaCaTs). Cu2+-crosslinked gels were highly cytotoxic across all tested conditions. Macrophage cytokine readouts (TNF-α and IL-6) indicated formulation-dependent immunobiological response. This work establishes microalgal EPSs as versatile polymers and links crosslinking chemistry to rheological modulation and multifunctional biomedical performance, while direct wound-healing efficacy remains to be demonstrated in future in vivo or wound repair functional models.eng
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/gels12050352
dc.identifier.eid105040194405
dc.identifier.otherc3485541-261e-4fc2-9343-a61f4785d439
dc.identifier.pmid42196038
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/57743
dc.identifier.wos001774612800001
dc.language.isoeng
dc.peerreviewedyes
dc.publisherMDPI
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.subjectEPSeng
dc.subjectPorphyridium cruentumeng
dc.subjectHydrogeleng
dc.subjectIonic crosslinkingeng
dc.subjectAntioxidanteng
dc.subjectAntimicrobialeng
dc.subjectImmunomodulatoryeng
dc.titleHydrogel-forming ability and biological characterization of exopolysaccharide (EPS) from porphyridium cruentum
dc.typeresearch article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.citation.issue5
oaire.citation.volume12
oaire.versionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85

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