Publicação
Life cycle and economic assessment of inverted p-i-n perovskite solar cells
| dc.contributor.author | Príncipe, Joana | |
| dc.contributor.author | Andrade, Luísa | |
| dc.contributor.author | Duarte, Vera C. M. | |
| dc.contributor.author | Mata, Teresa M. | |
| dc.contributor.author | Martins, António A. | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2026-07-23T16:17:39Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2026-07-23T16:17:39Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2026-07-19 | |
| dc.description.abstract | Photovoltaic technologies hold significant potential for meeting the world's growing energy demands. Among emerging alternatives to conventional silicon-based solar cells, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted increasing attention for their promising efficiency and cost-effectiveness. This study aims to evaluate the sustainability performance of an inverted PSC, addressing a critical gap in the integrated assessment of this emerging technology. A cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted, combined with energetic and economic analyses, evaluating energy payback time (EPBT), energy return on investment (EROI), and levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). A sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the influence of key operational parameters. The results show a carbon footprint of 0.20 kg CO2 eq./kWh and a cumulative energy demand of 4.88 MJ/kWh. The system exhibits an EPBT of 0.53 years and an EROI of 9.50, while the LCOE is estimated at 0.29 €/kWh, for a PSC production cost at 0.67 €/cm2. The sensitivity analysis indicates that the PCE and degradation rates are the main drivers of energetic performance, whereas the LCOE remains relatively stable. Additionally, EPBT and EROI are strongly influenced by solar irradiance and local climatic conditions. These findings highlight that, despite the relatively low manufacturing impacts, improvements in PCE, operational lifetime, and degradation rates are essential for enhancing the overall sustainability and economic viability of PSCs. The main contribution of this work lies in providing a multidimensional (environmental, energetic, and economic) baseline assessment of inverted PSCs, offering novel insights into the key parameters that will determine their future commercial competitiveness. | eng |
| dc.identifier.doi | 10.1016/j.jclepro.2026.148924 | |
| dc.identifier.eid | 105044268093 | |
| dc.identifier.other | 5fdecd91-21a2-4230-8987-81e77f93ceef | |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/58818 | |
| dc.language.iso | eng | |
| dc.peerreviewed | yes | |
| dc.publisher | Elsevier Ltd. | |
| dc.rights.uri | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | |
| dc.subject | Cradle-to-grave analysis | eng |
| dc.subject | Cumulative energy demand (CED) | eng |
| dc.subject | Energy payback time (EPBT) | eng |
| dc.subject | Inverted perovskite solar cells | eng |
| dc.subject | Levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) | eng |
| dc.subject | Life cycle assessment (LCA) | eng |
| dc.title | Life cycle and economic assessment of inverted p-i-n perovskite solar cells | |
| dc.type | research article | |
| dspace.entity.type | Publication | |
| oaire.citation.volume | 572 | |
| oaire.version | http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
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