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- Apical periodontitis and related risk factors: cross-sectional studyPublication . Correia-Sousa, Joana; Madureira, Ana Raquel; Carvalho, Manuel Fontes; Teles, Ana Moura; Pina-Vaz, IreneObjectives: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate an association between the prevalence of root-filled teeth (RFT) or apical periodontitis (AP) and some systemic conditions or smoking habits in an adult Portuguese population. Methods: Medical histories, including age, gender, presence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes mellitus (DM), allergies, smoking status, and endodontic treatment data of 421 patients (10,540 teeth) were recorded. The prevalence of root filled teeth and the periapical status were assessed through panoramic radiographies. Periapical status was classified according to the Periapical index and AP was defined as PAI-score ≥3. Statistic analysis was performed with PASW Statistics 20.0 using qui-square tests, odds-ratio and confidence intervals (95%). Results: The overall prevalence of AP and RFT was 2.2% and 4.2%, respectively. RFT increased the possibility of having AP (p< 0.0001). Men's group showed a higher percentage of teeth with AP (p< 0.0001), less RFT (p = 0.05) and more residual roots (2.3%). Smoking increased the probability of having AP (p = 0.002) and RFT (p = 0.045). A positive correlation was observed between RFT and DM (p = 0.040). No statistically significant difference was found between AP and CVD, DM or allergies neither between RTF and CVD or allergies. Conclusions: The higher prevalence of AP and/or RFT in smoker subjects and in diabetic patients can suggest a relationship between oral and systemic health. More epidemiological studies are required before definitive conclusions can be made.
- A quitosana como biomaterial odontológico: estado da artePublication . Tavaria, Freni Kekhasharú; Costa, Eduardo Manuel; Pina-Vaz, Irene; Carvalho, Manuel Fontes; Pintado, Maria ManuelaA impossibilidade de erradicar completamente os microrganismos da cavidade oral ou dos canais radiculares estimula a procura de novos materiais que permitam cada vez mais eficazmente, controlar ou prevenir o aparecimento de infeções. A quitosana é um biopolímero com uma estrutura química e características únicas que permitem que apresente excelente biocompatibilidade e que seja facilmente processado. A panóplia de aplicações é tão fascinante como ainda mal conhecida. A constatação do potencial e do valor industrial deste biopolímero conduziu à sua utilização em muitas aplicações de interesse tecnológico e, de uma forma acentuada, na área biomédica. As suas propriedades anti-oxidantes, anti-microbianas, anti-inflamatórias, cicatrizante e de inibição da formação de biofilmes tornam a sua aplicação na odontologia particularmente interessante. Com este trabalho pretendeu-se rever a literatura existente sobre aplicações da quitosana na área odontológica.
- Synergistic antimicrobial action of chlorhexidine and ozone in endodontic treatmentPublication . Noites, Rita; Pina-Vaz, Cidália; Rocha, Rita; Carvalho, Manuel Fontes; Gonçalves, Acácio; Pina-Vaz, IreneObjectives. The aim of this study was to determine whether irrigation with sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine, and ozone gas, alone or in combination, were effective against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans; these are microorganisms frequently isolated from teeth with periapical lesions resistant to endodontic treatment. Material and Methods. 220 single root teeth, recently extracted, were inoculated with Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis. The formulations tested were sodium hypochlorite at 1, 3, and 5% chlorhexidine at 0.2% and 2% and ozone gas applied for different periods of time. The combination of sodium hypochlorite at 5% and chlorhexidine at 2%, with gaseous ozone, were also assessed. For the most active treatments the mechanism of action was assessed through flow cytometry. Results. Sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine, and gaseous ozone alone were ineffective in completely eliminating the microorganisms. The association of chlorhexidine at 2% followed by ozone gas for 24 seconds promoted the complete elimination of Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis. Flow cytometry shows that ozone and chlorhexidine act differently, which could explain its synergic activity. Conclusions. This new disinfection protocol, combining irrigation with chlorhexidine at 2% and ozone gas for 24 seconds, may be advantageous when treating infected root canals.