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- Optimisation, by response surface methodology, of degree of hydrolysis and antioxidant and ACE-inhibitory activities of whey protein hydrolysates obtained with cardoon extractPublication . Tavares, T. G.; Contreras, M. M.; Amorim, M.; Martín-Álvarez, P. J.; Pintado, M. E.; Recio, I.; Malcata, F. X.The hydrolysis of bovine whey protein concentrate (WPC), alpha-lactalbumin (alpha-La) and caseinomacropeptide (CMP), by aqueous extracts of Cynara cardunculus, was optimized using response surface methodology. Degree of hydrolysis (DH), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory activity and antioxidant activity were used as objective functions, and hydrolysis time and enzyme/substrate ratio as manipulated parameters. The model was statistically appropriate to describe ACE-inhibitory activity of hydrolysates from WPC and alpha-La, but not from CMP. Maximum DH was 18% and 9%, for WPC and alpha-La, respectively. 50% ACE-inhibition was produced by 105.4 (total fraction) and 25.6 mu g mL(-1) (<3 kDa fraction) for WPC, and 47.6 (total fraction) and 22.5 mu g mL(-1) (<3 kDa fraction) for alpha-La. Major peptides of fractions exhibiting ACE-inhibition were sequenced. The antioxidant activities of WPC and alpha-La were 0.96 +/- 0.08 and 1.12 +/- 0.13 mmol trolox equivalent per mg hydrolysed protein, respectively.
- Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of novel dietary protein hydrolysate produced from whey by proteases of Cynara cardunculusPublication . Tavares, T. G.; Spindola, H.; Longato, G.; Pintado, M. E.; Carvalho, J. E.; Malcata, F. X.Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of a peptide concentrate mix (PepC) obtained from whey protein, via hydrolysis with cardosins from Cynara cardunculus, was tested in vivo. The antinociceptive effect was assessed using writhing, hot-plate and formalin tests in mice, and the anti-inflammatory effect using the paw oedema test. PepC at 300 mg kg(-1) bw conveyed a significant result in the writhing test when co-administered with 1 and 3 mg kg(-1) bw indomethacin, similar to administration of higher doses of indomethacin alone. Conversely, no statistically significant differences were observed in the paw oedema test when the same PepC concentration was co-administered with dexamethasone at 3, 10 and 30 mg kg(-1) bw. PepC at 1000 mg kg(-1) bw did not cause any remarkable outcome in the hot-plate test. PepC appears to possess anti-inflammatory and peripheral antinociceptive activities, so it may be a candidate for nutraceutical ingredient.